“…For downconversion emission, activator Yb 3+ was doped into self-activated luminescence materials such as tungstates, vanadates, and nirobates. − An strong NIR emission was displayed because of energy migration from host to Yb 3+ . If the matrix with a large band gap ( E gap ) was not excited by UV light, Yb 3+ emission was obtained by codoping other activated ions such as Bi 3+ , Gd 3+ –Tb 3+ , Ce 3+ , Tm 3+ , Ho 3+ , and Er 3+ . Generally, there were two types of energy transfer (ET) modes, namely photons quantum cutting process: single step (I type) and cooperative (II type) ET.…”