“…Technological application of semiconductors depends critically on their capability of doping to produce enough free carriers (electrons and/or holes) at working temperature. Wide-band-gap (WBG) semiconductors, such as ZnO, , SiC, GaN, , and AlN, , are extensively studied because of their promising applications in many short-wavelength optoelectronic devices and high-power electronic devices. Those WBG semiconductors with high conductivity (>1 × 10 4 Ω –1 cm –1 ) and large band gap (>3 eV) have long been considered as intriguing materials functioning as transparent conductive materials (TCMs) in flat panel display, , photovoltaic solar cells, , light-emitting diodes (LED), − etc., because light can pass through them with low absorption.…”