Blue growth and blue justice: Ten risks and solutions for the ocean economy

Bennett, Nathan; Blythe, Jessica; White, Carole; Campero, Cecilia

doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104387

Cited by 201 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 174 publications

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“…Previous research has suggested that the entry of private actors into public policy domains can lead to the consolidation of economic and political power among a small group of corporate actors (Pinkerton, 2017;Silver and Stoll, 2019). Similarly, the increasing prevalence of blue growth agendas, often framed by the concept of the blue economy, has prompted concern about the potential negative environmental and social impacts of deepened market-based governance (Silver et al, 2015;Schutter and Hicks, 2019;Bennett et al, 2021). Transformations are situated in contested, historical contexts • In Seychelles, colonial debt legacies rendered the country vulnerable to market-based governance intervention by foreign investors (Case 2-Debt for "blue" nature swaps).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this light, it is incorrect to assume that ocean governance transformations are politically neutral processes wherein a new management regime is objectively selected and built, with the support of everyone affected. Rather, the "world's oceans and coasts are awash in politics" (Bennett, 2019, p. 2) and transformation entails fundamental disruptions to who is involved in decision-making processes and the way ocean benefits and harm are accumulated and distributed (Blythe et al, 2018;Bennett et al, 2021). In other words, governance transformations are neither inevitable nor apolitical (Blythe et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Politics of Ocean Governance Transformations

Blythe¹,

Armitage²,

Bennett³

et al. 2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Recently, oceans have become the focus of substantial global attention and diverse appeals for “transformation.” Calls to transform ocean governance are motivated by various objectives, including the need to secure the rights of marginalized coastal communities, to boost ocean-based economic development, and to reverse global biodiversity loss. This paper examines the politics of ocean governance transformations through an analysis of three ongoing cases: the FAO’s voluntary guidelines for small-scale fisheries; debt-for-“blue”-nature swaps in the Seychelles; and the United Nations’ negotiations for a high seas’ treaty. We find that transformations are not inevitable or apolitical. Rather, changes are driven by an array of actors with different objectives and varying degrees of power. Objectives are articulated and negotiated through interactions that may reassemble rights, access, and control; however, there is also the potential that existing conditions become further entrenched rather than transformed at all. In particular, our analysis suggests that: (1) efforts to transform are situated in contested, historical landscapes that bias the trajectory of transformation, (2) power dynamics shape whose agendas and narratives drive transformational change, and (3) transformations create uneven distributions of costs and benefits that can facilitate or stall progress toward intended goals. As competing interests over ocean spaces continue to grow in the coming decades, understanding the processes through which ocean governance transformations can occur—and making the politics of transformative change more explicit—will be critical for realizing equitable ocean governance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Politics of Ocean Governance Transformations

Blythe¹,

Armitage²,

Bennett³

et al. 2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is therefore imperative to design MPAs in a way that is both ecologically as well as socially sustainable (Cumming and Allen, 2017;Bennett, 2018). In order to strive toward simultaneously promoting biodiversity conservation and safeguarding human livelihoods within the context of MPAs, learning how to properly integrate ecological as well as social considerations will be essential (yet certain trade-offs may be inevitable; Cumming et al, 2006;Mills et al, 2010;Guerrero et al, 2013;Bennett et al, 2021). The same reasoning has to be applied when it comes to evaluating the effectiveness of MPAs by addressing both biological as well as social considerations and integrating outcome metrics that span across disciplines.…”

Section: Marine Protected Areas As Complex Social-ecological Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine Protected Areas: At the Crossroads of Nature Conservation and Fisheries Management

Kriegl

Ilosvay

Dorrien³

et al. 2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are designated parts of the ocean that restrict human activities to a certain degree. MPAs are established around the world using a wide range of legislative instruments and thus come in a variety of forms and shapes. Despite being regarded as the “cornerstone” of global marine conservation efforts, they currently cover less than 10% of the ocean surface. Individual MPAs aim to achieve goals ranging from the protection of specific habitats or species to sustaining certain commercial activities, such as fishing. By default, the establishment of MPAs intertwines social, ecological and economic considerations. Yet, the emphasis put on each of these domains can vary substantially when setting on-the-ground objectives, frequently creating conflict among stakeholders. In this manuscript, we first discuss current international conservation targets as well as potential future goals and delve into the question of how to assess the effectiveness of MPAs. Subsequently, we discuss the ambivalent role of this widely applied management tool at the crossroads between biodiversity conservation and fisheries management. Placing MPAs in a social-ecological framework, we call for clear and measurable goals to evaluate MPAs from an interdisciplinary perspective. Finally, we present the Baltic Sea, with its high degree of anthropogenic impact, long fishing history and comparatively extensive MPA coverage, as an interesting case study to investigate the role of MPAs in promoting a sustainable management of the ocean.

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“…Para a construção de uma economia azul que incorpore as dimensões de justiça azul e equidade, Bennett et al (2021) elencaram dez desafios. Todos eles são importantes e conectados, a seguir: 1) ocupação do oceano (dispossession and ocean grabbing); 2) justiça ambiental no contexto da poluição e do lançamento de resíduos; 3) degradação ambiental e redução dos serviços ecossistêmicos; 4) impactos no meio de vida dos pescadores de pequena escala; 5) perda do acesso aos recursos necessários para a segurança alimentar e o bem-estar; 6) distribuição desigual de benefícios econômicos; 7) impactos sociais e culturais; 8) marginalização das mulheres; 9) violação dos direitos humanos e indígenas; e, 10) exclusão da governança.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

A Década da Ciência Oceânica como Oportunidade de Justiça Azul no Sul Global

2021

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As atividades das mulheres são geralmente subestimadas em áreas tradicionalmente dominadas por homens, e no oceano não é diferente. O oceano tem sido visto como um ambiente masculino, principalmente na navegação, na pesca e nas ciências exatas. Como a aceleração da economia azul engendra riscos socioeconômicos para a humanidade, notadamente para as pessoas no Sul Global, e mais especificamente para as mulheres, defendemos as mudanças transformadoras debatidas no âmbito multilateral. Neste cenário, como a Década da ONU para a Ciência Oceânica pode contribuir para transformar barreiras à igualdade de gênero em oportunidades para a justiça azul? Nosso principal objetivo é destacar que a Década é baseada na ciência e no conhecimento, e pode ter papel central na promoção de uma economia azul mais sustentável, nos moldes da Agenda 2030. Por focar na “ciência que precisamos para o oceano que queremos”, ela incentiva a pesquisa participativa e interdisciplinar. Neste artigo de perspectiva, a abordagem é interdisciplinar para fomentar reflexão sobre o caminho para a justiça azul.

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Blue growth and blue justice: Ten risks and solutions for the ocean economy

Cited by 201 publications

References 174 publications

The Politics of Ocean Governance Transformations

The Politics of Ocean Governance Transformations

Marine Protected Areas: At the Crossroads of Nature Conservation and Fisheries Management

A Década da Ciência Oceânica como Oportunidade de Justiça Azul no Sul Global

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