Blue emitting gold nanoclusters templated by poly-cytosine DNA at low pH and poly-adenine DNA at neutral pH

Kennedy, Thomas; MacLean, James L.; Liu, Juewen

doi:10.1039/c2cc32841k

Cited by 202 publications

(143 citation statements)

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“…28 In this current work using nucleosides or nucleotides, only adenine derivatives could afford fluorescence. We reason it is easier for a DNA chain to position a few gold ions close to each other (intramolecular binding) so that a cluster can form upon reduction.…”

Section: Hydrodyanmic Diameter Of the Complexes Formed By Au And Deoxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The smallest complex may contain just a few gold ions, which can be considered as the smallest gold nanoclusters (AuNC) with blue fluorescence. [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] The availability of both nanoparticles and molecular species allows us to employ a diverse range of techniques to gain a more complete understanding. While fluorescent gold nanoclusters templated by DNA have been reported, 28,36 nucleotide-templated synthesis is more challenging since DNA could be designed to position a few gold ions at close proximity prior to their reduction.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Light-Activated Metal-Coordinated Supramolecular Complexes with Charge-Directed Self-Assembly

Lopez

Liu

2013

J. Phys. Chem. C

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Metal coordinated materials are attractive for many applications including catalysis, sensing, and controlled release. Adenine and its derivatives have been widely used to generate many coordination complexes, polymers, and nanoparticles. However, few of these materials display fluorescence. Herein, we report fluorescent gold complexes and nanoclusters formed with adenosine, deoxyadenosine, AMP and ATP, where the former two produced micrometer-sized particles and the latter two produced molecular clusters. Only weak fluorescence was produced with adenine, while no emission was observed with uridine, cytidine or guanosine. We found that adding citrate and light exposure are two key factors to generate fluorescence and their mechanistic roles have been explored. In all the products, the ratio between gold and adenine was determined to be 1:1 using UV-vis spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry showed clusters containing 2, 4, and 6 gold atoms in the gas phase.The fluorescence peak is around 470 nm for the AMP and ATP complex and 480 nm for the (deoxy)adenosine complexes. This work has provided a systematic approach to obtain fluorescent metal coordinated polymers and materials with tunable sizes, which will find applications in analytical chemistry, drug delivery and imaging. The fundamental physical chemistry of these materials has been systematically explored.

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Section: Hydrodyanmic Diameter Of the Complexes Formed By Au And Deoxmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Light-Activated Metal-Coordinated Supramolecular Complexes with Charge-Directed Self-Assembly

Lopez

Liu

2013

J. Phys. Chem. C

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“…We initially tested 30-mer DNA homopolymers and obtained blue emitters using citrate as the reducing agent. The C30 DNA produces fluorescence only at low pH with a large excess of DNA, while A30 worked optimal at neutral pH with the ratio between adenine and HAuCl4 being ~1:1 [55]. The pH and stoichiometric requirements might be related to the coordination between the bases and Au ( Figure 1A).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Fluorescent AuNCs have been prepared using polymer and protein stabilizers, while DNA templated AuNCs was reported only recently [55,56]. The choice of reducing agent has an important effect since when NaBH4 was used, only large AuNPs were obtained, possibly due to its strong reducing power.…”

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confidence: 99%

DNA-stabilized, fluorescent, metal nanoclusters for biosensor development

Liu

2014

TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

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In the past decade, fluorescent silver, gold and copper nanoclusters (Ag, Au and CuNCs) have emerged as a new class of signaling moiety for biosensor development. Compared to semiconductor quantum dots, metal NCs have less toxicity concerns and can be more easily conjugated to biopolymers. Due to their extremely small size, these NCs need a stabilizing ligand. Many polymers, proteins and nucleic acids have been reported to stabilize NCs. In particular, many DNA sequences produce highly fluorescence NCs. Coupling these DNA stabilizers with other sequences such as aptamers has generated a large number of biosensors. In this review, the synthesis of DNA and nucleotide-templated NCs is first summarized; their chemical interactions are also discussed. In the second part, the properties of NCs such as fluorescence quantum yield, emission wavelength and lifetime, structure and photostability are briefly reviewed. In the last part, various sensor design strategies using these NCs are categorized into the following four classes: 1) fluorescence de-quenching; 2) generation of templating DNA sequences to produce NCs; 3) change of nearby environment; and 4) reacting with heavy metal ions or other quenchers. Finally, the future trends in this field are discussed.

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“…Third, chemically synthesized DNA can be easily modified. Liu's group successfully prepared fluorescent AuNCs in the presence of poly-cytosine DNAs and polyadenine DNAs with citrate as the reducing agent, and they explored the affecting factors for the synthesis of AuNCs in detail [45]. Subsequently, Shao's group synthesized fluorescent AuNCs using various DNA templates including single-stranded DNAs, hairpin DNAs, and double-stranded DNAs [46].…”

Section: Dna Oligonucleotidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters: Promising Fluorescent Probes for Sensors and Bioimaging

Wang

Zhu

2017

J. Anal. Test.

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Fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have recently emerged as a novel kind of promising fluorescent probes for high-performance sensors and bioimaging because of their ultrasmall size (\3 nm), strong luminescence, good photostability, and excellent biocompatibility. Over the past decade, we have witnessed growing popularity of AuNCs in analytical applications and enormous efforts have been devoted to their development. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in the development of AuNCs in terms of physicochemical properties, synthesis strategies, and bioapplications. The optical, electrochemical, catalytical, and solvatochromic properties of AuNCs are first summarized, which are followed by different ligands or template-assisted controllable synthetic methods. Afterwards functionalization of AuNCs is described in terms of ligand exchange, bioconjugation, and noncovalent interaction. We then focus on the applications of AuNCs as fluorescent probes for detection of metal ions, inorganic anions, small biomolecules, proteins, nucleic acids, drug molecules, pH, and temperature. We also summarize the usage of metal NCs in cellular and in vivo targeting and imaging. Finally, we conclude with a brief look at the future challenges and prospects of the development of AuNCs.

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Blue emitting gold nanoclusters templated by poly-cytosine DNA at low pH and poly-adenine DNA at neutral pH

Cited by 202 publications

References 40 publications

Light-Activated Metal-Coordinated Supramolecular Complexes with Charge-Directed Self-Assembly

Light-Activated Metal-Coordinated Supramolecular Complexes with Charge-Directed Self-Assembly

DNA-stabilized, fluorescent, metal nanoclusters for biosensor development

Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters: Promising Fluorescent Probes for Sensors and Bioimaging

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