Blue-Cone Horizontal Cells in the Retinae of Horses and Other<b><i>Equidae</i></b>

Sandmann, Daniele; Boycott, B. B.; Peichl, Leo

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-10-03381.1996

Cited by 60 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…These values correspond with acuity values obtained for the visual streak and peripheral retina respectively (Harman et al, 1999). It is likely that this is the result of the relative distribution of the two different cone types, the short wavelength photoreceptors being less prolific than the medium-long wavelength photoreceptors in the visual streak (Sandmann et al, 1996). This may also result in blue being particularly visible in the peripheral visual field of both horse and human.…”

Section: Page 4 Of 10supporting

confidence: 80%

“…The predominance of rods over cones in the equine retina is likely to limit their ability to perceive detail, particularly when compared with human vision. Although the horse does not have an area of the retina that consists entirely of cones (as in the central area of the human fovea; Curcio et al, 1987), a higher percentage of the photoreceptors were found to be cones in the area of the visual streak (François et al, 1980;Sandmann et al, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The impact of visual perception on equine learning

Hall¹

2007

Behavioural Processes

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Section: Page 4 Of 10supporting

confidence: 80%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of visual perception on equine learning

Hall¹

2007

Behavioural Processes

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“…Crystals of the lipophilic dye DiI (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) were inserted under microscopic control into the fixed and whole-mounted retinas of adult (Ͼ1 month of age) B6 and A wild-type mice and into the fixed and whole-mounted retinas of developing and adult wild-type and coneless littermates. Retinas were left under a coverslip in fixative for 1, 2, or 5 d for postnatal day 5 (P5), P10, or adult retinas, respectively, when individual horizontal cells, labeled by diffusion through their axons (Sandmann et al, 1996), were subsequently harvested using a Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA) 500 or Olympus (Melville, NY) Fluoview laser scanning confocal microscope at either 0.5 or 1.0 m intervals. Individual cells were reconstructed through their full three-dimensional extent using MetaMorph.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Afferents and Homotypic Neighbors Regulate Horizontal Cell Morphology, Connectivity, and Retinal Coverage

Reese¹,

Raven²,

Stagg³

2005

J. Neurosci.

101

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Horizontal cells are inhibitory interneurons with laterally oriented dendrites that overlap one another, contacting the pedicles of cone photoreceptors. Because of their regular spacing, the network of horizontal cells provides a uniform coverage of the retinal surface. The developmental processes establishing these network properties are undefined, but cell-intrinsic instructions and interactions with other cells have each been suggested to play a role. Here, we show that the intercellular spacing of horizontal cells is essentially independent of genetic background and is predicted by local density, suggesting that horizontal cell positioning is modulated by proximity to other horizontal cells. Dendritic field area compensates for this variation in intercellular spacing, maintaining constant dendritic coverage between strains. Functional dendritic overlap is achieved anatomically at the level of the pedicles, where horizontal cells interact with one another to establish their connectivity: the number of dendritic terminals contacting a pedicle changes, reciprocally, between neighboring horizontal cells during development based on their relative proximity to each pedicle. Cellular morphology is also shown to be regulated by the afferents themselves: afferent elimination before innervation does not alter dendritic field size nor stratification but compromises dendritic branching and prevents terminal formation. Afferent and homotypic interactions therefore generate the morphology, spacing, and connectivity of horizontal cells underlying their functional coverage of the retina.

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“…JH492 antibody recognizes middle-wavelength-sensitive cone opsin (M-cones), whereas JH455 is specific for shortwavelength sensitive cone opsin. Both antibodies were raised against the respective human proteins (Chiu and Nathans 1994) and recognized MWL and S-cone opsins in a variety of species including the mouse (Mus musculus: Chiu and Nathans 1994), Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus: Glosmann and Ahnelt 2002), rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus: Hack and Peichl 1999), marsupials (Arrese et al 2003b), horses (Sandmann et al 1996) and primates (Martin and Grünert 1999). Peanut agglutinin (PNA, 1:250; Sigma) was used as a general cone marker (Unoki et al 1988).…”

Section: Morphological and Immunohistochemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cone opsins and response of female chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) to differently coloured raincoats

et al. 2012

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Alpine species are often exposed to intense levels of human recreational activities. Exactly how human disturbances influence the behaviour of these species is still open to much debate. For example, little is known regarding how the colourful clothing often worn by tourists influences the behaviour of animals. Tourists wearing colourful clothing may be more conspicuous to local wildlife and thus cause more disturbances. We therefore investigated this question in female chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in the Swiss Alps. We firstly investigated, via a morphological and an immunohistochemical approach, whether chamois are likely to have colour vision and would therefore be more likely to respond to different coloured clothing. We detected evidence of two cone types-short-wavelength-sensitive cones (S-cones, JH 455) and middle-wavelength-sensitive cones (M-cones, JH492) in the chamois retina-suggesting that chamois have dichromatic vision, similar to other ungulates. Secondly, via behavioural assays where a person wearing one of three coloured coats commonly worn by tourists (red, yellow and blue) approached a female chamois, we show that neither the alert and flight initiation distance nor the site of refuge were influenced by the raincoat colour. In addition, behavioural responses of the chamois were neither influenced by animal group size nor the presence of kids nor the time of the experiment. The results suggest that, although chamois possess colour vision, they do not react more strongly towards conspicuous colours worn by hikers. We discuss our results in light of what is already known about chamois biology and suggest implications for future studies. Abstract Alpine species are often exposed to intense levels of human recreational activities. Exactly how human disturbances influence the behaviour of these species is still open to much debate. For example, little is known regarding how the colourful clothing often worn by tourists influences the behaviour of animals. Tourists wearing colourful clothing may be more conspicuous to local wildlife and thus cause more disturbances. We therefore investigated this question in female chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in the Swiss Alps. We firstly investigated, via a morphological and an immunohistochemical approach, whether chamois are likely to have colour vision and would therefore be more likely to respond to different coloured clothing. We detected evidence of two cone types-short-wavelength-sensitive cones (S-cones, JH 455) and middle-wavelength-sensitive cones (M-cones, JH492) in the chamois retina-suggesting that chamois have dichromatic vision, similar to other ungulates. Secondly, via behavioural assays where a person wearing one of three coloured coats commonly worn by tourists (red, yellow and blue) approached a female chamois, we show that neither the alert and flight initiation distance nor the site of refuge were influenced by the raincoat colour. In addition, behavioural responses of the chamois were neither influenced by animal group size nor the...

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Blue-Cone Horizontal Cells in the Retinae of Horses and OtherEquidae

Cited by 60 publications

References 54 publications

The impact of visual perception on equine learning

The impact of visual perception on equine learning

Afferents and Homotypic Neighbors Regulate Horizontal Cell Morphology, Connectivity, and Retinal Coverage

Cone opsins and response of female chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) to differently coloured raincoats

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