Bloxy: Providing Transparent and Generic BFT-Based Ordering Services for Blockchains

Abstract

With the wide-spread use of blockchain technology, Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) protocols are explored as a means to achieve consensus on which transactions should be processed next. BFT protocols are not a one-size-fits-all solution: they should be chosen according to the blockchain's use case, which can range from supply chain management to decentralised storage, requiring specialisation e. g. regarding throughput, latency, or level of decentralisation. Previously, consensus protocols were usually hardcoded into the blockchain infrastructure and could not be exchanged, therefore inhibiting flexible use of an otherwise generic blockchain infrastructure. Hyperledger Fabric claims to provide modular consensus and support for crash-fault and Byzantine fault tolerant protocols. However, integrating a BFT protocol has shown that Fabric's architecture is currently not well-suited for this fault model as it requires substantial changes and thereby breaks Fabric's modularity. This also has to be repeated for each integrated BFT protocol.In this paper, we present BLOXY, a blockchain-aware trusted proxy running on the replica that encapsulates all BFT client functionality. BLOXY enables transparent access to generic BFT frameworks and preserves Fabric's modularity even for the Byzantine fault model. It runs inside a trusted execution environment based on Intel's Software Guard Extensions. BLOXY offers blockchain-specific communication mechanisms as well as short-term block storage to handle crashes or disconnects to ensure that all nodes receive block updates. We implemented two BLOXY-based ordering services based on PBFT and the hybrid BFT protocol Hybster. Our evaluation shows that our approach increases the throughput of the ordering component by up to 71 % compared to directly integrated BFT protocols.

The Merits of a Decentralized Pollution-Monitoring System Based on Distributed Ledger Technology

“…In the case of a fraudulent leader, a majority of the honest followers can vote on the legitimacy of the current leader and replace it with the another DLT node after a predefined period [67]. Nevertheless, the leader may drop certain requests [81], [82]. Because BFT-SMaRt is Byzantine fault tolerant and offers sufficient performance for the PMS, we find BFT-SMaRt best suitable for the PMS among the evaluated consensus mechanisms.…”

Cost-Effective Data Feeds to Blockchains via Workload-Adaptive Data Replication

“…Cost-eective blockchain applications: It is well known that blockchain has limited throughput in handling transactions [38] and incurs high unit cost to execute smart contracts. To reduce the blockchain costs, general approaches are developed by focusing on a permissioned setting [33,40,59,61], or by sharding the blockchain and other layer-one designs [43,49,59]. Unfortunately, these new blockchain designs cannot be integrated with an operational blockchain and are known to be dicult to deploy at scale.…”