Bloodstain Patterns on Fabrics: The Effect of Drop Volume, Dropping Height and Impact Angle

White, Barry C

doi:10.1080/00085030.1986.10757399

Cited by 38 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…terry cloth) represent the most difficult problem in determining their origin. These cases may only be solved by a microscopical comparison between the stains at hand and experimental stains on the same surface material (Brinkmann et al 1985;White 1986). A reference collection might be helpful and the reliability of the investigation increases with increasing number of individual stains examined in a case (Brinkmann 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Experimental bloodstains on fabric from contact and from droplets

Karger

Rand

Brinkmann

1997

International Journal of Legal Medicine

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The differentiation between contact bloodstains and stains produced by projected droplets on fabric can be crucial in crime scene reconstruction since suspects can explain bloodstains on their clothing by contact with the victim post mortem. Experimental smear and contact pressure stains on three different types of fabric were compared with stains produced by falling and projected droplets ("dynamic" stains) of equivalent size. The morphology of the small stains (0.1-10 microliters) was investigated with a macroscope. Characteristic for "dynamic" stains are symmetry and rhythmicity (secondary droplets) of the stain and a zonal drying pattern. Contact stains lack the characteristic features of "dynamic" stains and show a clear impregnation of the material resulting in a blood-soaked reverse side of cambric and cotton and in a paler overall colour. The mode of formation of microstains (blood volume 1 < microliter) on irregular surfaces (e.g. terry cloth) can be difficult to determine since the rough surface structure and the small blood volume reduce the characteristics of dynamic stains. In these cases, comparison with experimental stains on the same surface material is recommended.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Messler et al 1981;White 1986) have concentrated on large stains (blood volume 30 µl-1 ml) with the exception of the study by Brinkmann et al (1985). For contact stains several common criteria could be identified:…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Experimental bloodstains on fabric from contact and from droplets

Karger

Rand

Brinkmann

1997

International Journal of Legal Medicine

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“…Bloodstain pattern appearance, however, may differ greatly depending on which fabric or underground they are on. Several studies have been performed dealing with influences of drop volume, dropping height and impact angle [4,22], drying properties [16], heated surfaces [9], different fabrics [4], as well as dark fabrics [5][6][7]18]. Bloodstains on dark surfaces bring along a considerable difficulty because of low contrast to the surface bloodstains are difficult or even impossible to detect with the unaided human eye.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of crimes by infrared photography

Sterzik

Bohnert

2016

Int J Legal Med

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Whenever blunt or sharp forces are used in a crime, analysis of bloodstain pattern distribution may provide important information for the reconstruction of happenings. Thereby, attention should be paid to both the crime scene and the clothes of everyone involved in the crime. On dark textiles, though, it is difficult or even impossible for the human eye to detect bloodstains because of the low contrast to the background. However, in the near infrared wavelength range, contrast is considerably higher. Many textiles reflect light beyond a wavelength of 830 nm and thus appear light-colored, whereas blood absorbs the light and appears dark. In our studies, a D7000 NIKON reflex camera modified for infrared photography produced high-resolution photographs visualizing even very small spatter stains on dark textiles. The equipment can be used at any crime scene or lab and provides immediately available and interpretable images. Thus, important findings can be obtained at an early stage of police investigations, as two examples (homicide and attempted homicide) illustrate.

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“…Reported work has focused on the visible bloodstain on the fabric surface, treating it in much the same way as a bloodstain on a non-absorbent surface by looking at, for example, the number of satellite bloodstains or the parent stain area (e.g. White 1986, Karger et al 1998, de Castro et al 2013. The scarcity of literature in this area does not correlate with the importance of understanding bloodstains on fabric.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of micro computed tomography to ascertain the morphology of bloodstains on fabric

Dicken

Knock

Beckett

et al. 2015

Forensic Science International

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Very little is known about the interactions of blood and fabric and how bloodstains on fabric are formed. Whereas the blood stain size for non-absorbent surfaces depends on impact velocity, previous work has suggested that for fabrics the blood stain size is independent of impact velocity when the drop size is kept constant. Therefore, a greater understanding of the interaction of blood and fabric is required. This paper explores the possibility of using a micro computed tomography (CT) scanner to study bloodstain size and shape throughout fabrics. Two different fabrics were used: 100% cotton rib knit and 100% cotton bull drill. Bloodstains were created by dropping blood droplets from three heights; 500 mm, 1000 mm and 1500 mm. Results from the CT scanner clearly showed the bloodstain shape throughout the fabric. The blood was found to form a diamond shaped stain, with the maximum cross-sectional area 0.3-0.5mm below the surface. The bloodstain morphology depended on both the impact velocity and fabric structure.

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Bloodstain Patterns on Fabrics: The Effect of Drop Volume, Dropping Height and Impact Angle

Cited by 38 publications

References 2 publications

Experimental bloodstains on fabric from contact and from droplets

Experimental bloodstains on fabric from contact and from droplets

Reconstruction of crimes by infrared photography

The use of micro computed tomography to ascertain the morphology of bloodstains on fabric

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