Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine

Baum, Neil; Dichoso, Carmelo C.; Carlton, C. Eugene

doi:10.1016/0090-4295(75)90105-3

Cited by 136 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Kidney dysfunction is characterised by elevated SU and SC levels, low serum TP (Baum et al, 1975;Kaneko, 1980;Stonard, 1990) and increased urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (P/C; Baum et al, 1975). On day 110 of the present study, SU, urinary P/C and urine dipstick analysis revealed no differences between treatments.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

Effect of feeding genetically modified Bt MON810 maize to ∼40-day-old pigs for 110 days on growth and health indicators

Buzoianu

Walsh

Rea

et al. 2012

animal

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A total of 72 male weaned pigs were used in a 110-day study to investigate the effect of feeding genetically modified (GM) Bt MON810 maize on selected growth and health indicators. It was hypothesised that in pigs fed Bt maize, growth and health are not impacted compared with pigs fed isogenic maize-based diets. Following a 12-day basal period, pigs (10.7 ± 1.9 kg body weight (BW); ∼40 days old) were blocked by weight and ancestry and randomly assigned to treatments: (1) non-GM maize diet for 110 days (non-GM), (2) GM maize diet for 110 days (GM), (3) non-GM maize diet for 30 days followed by GM maize diet up to day 110 (non-GM/GM) and (4) GM maize diet for 30 days followed by non-GM maize diet up to day 110 (GM/non-GM). BW and daily feed intake were recorded on days 0, 30, 60 and 110 (n= 15). Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (n= 10) on day 80. Following slaughter on day 110, organs and intestines were weighed and sampled for histological analysis and urine was collected for biochemical analysis (n= 10). Serum biochemistry analysis was performed on days 0, 30, 60, 100 and 110. Growth performance and serum biochemistry were analysed as repeated measures with time and treatment as main factors. Thesliceoption of SAS was used to determine treatment differences at individual time points. There was no effect of feeding GM maize on overall growth, body composition, organ and intestinal weight and histology or serum biochemistry on days 60 and 100 and on urine biochemistry on day 110. A treatment × time interaction was observed for serum urea (SU;P< 0.05), creatinine (SC;P< 0.05) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST;P< 0.05). On day 30, SU was lower for the non-GM/GM treatment compared with the non-GM, GM and GM/non-GM treatments (P< 0.05). On day 110, SC was higher for the non-GM/GM and GM/non-GM treatments compared with non-GM and GM treatments (P< 0.05). Overall, serum total protein was lower for the GM/non-GM treatment compared with the non-GM/GM treatment (P< 0.05). The magnitude of change observed in some serum biochemical parameters did not indicate organ dysfunction and the changes were not accompanied by histological lesions. Long-term feeding of GM maize to pigs did not adversely affect growth or the selected health indicators investigated.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 44%

Effect of feeding genetically modified Bt MON810 maize to ∼40-day-old pigs for 110 days on growth and health indicators

Buzoianu

Walsh

Rea

et al. 2012

animal

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“…However, several clinicians have declared that it is very difficult to determine the incidence of antibioticinduced nephrotoxicity in patients (6,10,12). Compounding the problems of distinguishing between the patient's illness and drug-induced nephrotoxicity are the inaccuracies and lack of specificity ofrenal function tests, including blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine (3,8), endogenous creatinine and inulin clearance (5,18, and quantitation of urinary enzymes (22,25,28). Unfortunately, there is no satisfactory marker to predict impending nephrotoxicity in clinics (6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative low-dose nephrotoxicities of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin

Hottendorf¹,

Gordon²

1980

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Most investigations of the comparative nephrotoxicities of aminoglycosides in animals have utilized large multiples of the human dose. Furthermore, many of these assessments have used only one or two dose levels and have not described a dose-response comparison among antibiotics. Because of this lack of comparative dose-response data over a range of low multiples of the human dose, the nephrotoxicities of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were investigated in 180 rats, utilizing doses ranging from one to seven times the equivalent human clinical doses. Histopathological evaluations of both kidneys from each rat were scored without knowledge of the treatment, and statistical analyses of the results indicated that a linear and parallel dose-response relationship existed for each drug, the relative nephrotoxicity over the range of doses analyzed was gentamicin > tobramycin > amikacin (P = 0.0001), and, unlike amikacin, the human dose equivalents (milligrams per kilogram) of gentamicin and tobramycin were significantly nephrotoxic in rats (P < 0.05).The prevalent utilization of doses many times greater than those used in human antibacterial therapy when comparing the nephrotoxicities of aminoglycosides in animals has been questioned (1, 31). Additionally, many of these studies have employed only one or two dose levels and have not defined relative dose-response relationships. Relative toxicity is classically defined by comparing dose-response relationships which are linear and paralel over a range of responses of a similar magnitude (11,15). Based on results of a previous limited comparison (13), the relative dose-response nephrotoxicities of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin were explored in rats by utilizing a range of low doses anticipated to produce similar magnitudes of nephrotoxic responses.MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals. A total of 180 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Breeding Laboratories, Inc.), weighing between 105 and 140 g upon arrival, were conditioned for 14 days before initiation of the study. The rats were housed individually in cages of appropriate type and size in an environmentally controlled room, given Purina Laboratory Chow and fresh drinking water ad libitum, ranked by body weight, and then randomly divided into groups of 10 after being individually identified by a tag number attached to an ear.Aminoglycoside administration. The 18 groups of 10 rats each were dosed for 28 days as shown in Table 1. Doses were selected with regard to antibiotic activity, split, and administered twice a day at approximately 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. by subcutaneous injection through a 27-gauge needle. The five gentamicin doses (4 to 20 mg/kg per day), six tobramycin doses (4 to 40.5 mg/kg per day), and six amikacin doses (15 to 98 mg/kg per day) were each geometrically spaced, except for the lowest doses of tobramycin and amikacin. The human therapeutic doses recommended in the package inserts are as follows: gentamicin and tobramycin, 3 to 5 mg/kg per day (we used 4 mg/kg per day); amikacin, 15 mg/kg p...

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“…Creatinine is a muscular metabolic product. As a more precise indicator of renal function than BUN, creatinine is a significant criterion of the severity of renal failure (29)(30)(31). Some retrospective studies in dogs showed that the severity of AKI is strongly related to the serum creatinine level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%