Blood Pressure Usually Considered Normal Is Associated with an Elevated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Biofeedback treatment of prehypertension: analyses of efficacy, heart rate variability and EEG approximate entropy

“…7,8 A cohort study shows that individuals with prehypertension are at an increased risk for progression to hypertension 9 and cardiovascular diseases. 2 Based on the results of this study, we recommend that relaxation-assisted EMG biofeedback should be an alternative intervention to prevent hypertension or cardiovascular diseases.…”

“…1 The report showed that prehypertension is associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases. 2 Managing prehypertension may benefit to prevent hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Biofeedback, as a non-pharmacological intervention, is effective to treat hypertension.…”

Defining Hypertension by Blood Pressure 130/80 mm Hg Leads to an Impressive Burden of Hypertension in Young and Middle‐Aged Black Adults: Follow‐Up in the CARDIA Study

“…Compared with subjects with normal BP (<120/<80 mm Hg), individuals with high normal BP had a hazards ratio for CVD of 2.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.85–2.92), adjusted for study center, age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking, low‐ and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, education level, physical activity, cholesterol‐lowering medications, diabetes mellitus, fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and white blood cell count 6. Among blacks, the multivariable adjusted HR was even higher at 3.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.68–6.45), with an absolute CVD event rate of ≈1% annually.…”

Hypoadiponectinemia Is Associated With Prehypertension in Obese Individuals of Multiethnic Origin

“…In 2003, the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC) identified prehypertension as a new category of BP in adults for those with BP from 120 to 139 mm Hg systolic and/or 80 to 89 mm Hg diastolic, encompassing both the normal and high-normal classifications of prior JNC reports. 2 A review of recent published data relating prehypertension to cardiovascular damage includes reports showing an increase in coronary heart disease, cardiac procedure, silent myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke in middleaged adults followed for an average of 11.6 years, 3 and significant progress of coronary atherosclerosis determined by intravascular ultrasound. 4 The increasing prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension occurred in conjunction with a dramatic increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity.…”

“…4 The increasing prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension occurred in conjunction with a dramatic increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. 3 However, the underlying mechanisms of BP elevation associated with excess weight, in particular the pathogenic role of multiple metabolic and neuroendocrine changes frequently associated with obesity, are still partially unclear. 5 Contemporary research also suggests that the adipocyte-derived hormones, mainly leptin and adiponectin, may be important factors linking obesity and hypertension.…”