Blood pressure, serum cholesterol and nutritional state in Tanzania and in the Amazon

Pavan, L.; Casíglia, Edoardo; Pauletto, Paolo; Batista, Salete L.; Ginocchio, Giuliana; Kwankam, Maureen M.Y.; Biasin, Renata; Mazza, Alberto; Puato, Massimo; Russo, Emanuela; Pessina, Achille C.

doi:10.1097/00004872-199715100-00006

Cited by 35 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…In contrast, many nonindustrialized countries do not experience increases of blood pressure and hypertension prevalence with age (86, 132,136,160,167,178). A common characteristic of these populations is a low dietary salt intake (43).…”

Section: Agementioning

confidence: 99%

HYPERTENSION: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Control

Hajjar

Kotchen

2006

Annu. Rev. Public Health

292

177

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■ Abstract Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide.Prior to 1990, population data suggest that hypertension prevalence was decreasing; however, recent data suggest that it is again on the rise. In -2002.6% of the U.S. population had hypertension. Hypertension prevalence has also been increasing in other countries, and an estimated 972 million people in the world are suffering from this problem. Incidence rates of hypertension range between 3% and 18%, depending on the age, gender, ethnicity, and body size of the population studied. Despite advances in hypertension treatment, control rates continue to be suboptimal. Only about one third of all hypertensives are controlled in the United States. Programs that improve hypertension control rates and prevent hypertension are urgently needed. DEFINING HYPERTENSIONThe definition of hypertension has changed over time in response to better understanding of the pathophysiology, actuarial considerations of the life insurance industry, studies of blood pressure in diverse populations, consideration of the interaction of blood pressure levels and comorbid conditions, landmark studies of blood pressure-related health outcomes, and the development and evaluation of effective antihypertensive therapies. Definitions for the upper level of normal ranges of blood pressure for adults have been based on epidemiological findings relating blood pressure levels to risks for adverse outcomes in populations and evidence from clinical trials demonstrating reduced risk of adverse outcomes with antihypertensive therapies.Epidemiological data support a continuous, incremental risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and renal disease across levels of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (89,151,184). The life insurance industry was the first to relate mortality

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Section: Agementioning

confidence: 99%

HYPERTENSION: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Control

Hajjar

Kotchen

2006

Annu. Rev. Public Health

292

177

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“…In fact, considering the values obtained for blood pressure, total cholesterol, and nutritional status in populations of 3 continents (Italian urban population, African populations of Tanzania and Uganda, and Amazonian population of Brazil), the African diet poor in salt and rich in fish and vegetables was associated with lower levels of blood pressure, total cholesterol, and body mass index compared not only with those of the Italian population, but also with those of the Brazilian population, which differed from the African diet in regard to the greater consumption of salt and meat 31 . Another study in Tanzania, confirmed the substantial increase in cardiovascular risk as compared with that obtained 10 years before 32 .…”

Section: Lipids (Mg/dl)mentioning

confidence: 93%

Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk in two Amazonian populations

Feio¹,

Fonseca²,

Rego³

et al. 2003

Arq. Bras. Cardiol.

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Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in our country and occurs at earlier ages than that observed in the United States of America 1,2 .The initial results of the Framingham Study have associated serum cholesterol level, smoking, and arterial hypertension with ischemic heart disease 3 . More recently, the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP III, USA) 4 published the recommendations for estimating absolute coronary risk, considering the total cholesterol level, age, HDL-C level, values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and smoking habit, with different scores for men and women.In the past decade, several studies suggested that a more active lifestyle and higher consumption of fish could be beneficial, because they resulted in a lower incidence of cardiovascular events, a better lipid profile, and a reduction in blood pressure and in thrombotic risk [5][6][7][8] .Among the Eskimos in Greenland and the Japanese of Kohama Island, lower levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides and an extremely low incidence of coronary heart disease were observed as compared with those in the populations living on the continent 9-11 .In Brazil, epidemiological data of the Ministry of Health for the City of Belém, in the State of Pará 12 , showed that mortality due to cardiovascular disease was the major cause of death in that city despite the proximity to rivers and forests, and the high consumption of fish and typical fruits in that region.This study aimed at comparing the cardiovascular risk of the urban population of Belém in the State of Pará with that of an Amazonian riverside population (village of Vigia) living mainly on fish and with very scarce contact with large urban centers. MethodsThe study sample comprised 100 individuals of both sexes with no personal antecedents of heart disease or diabetes, whose ages ranged from 35 to 65 years, 50 in each municipality. They signed a written consent required by the Objective -To compare the lipid profiles and coronary heart disease risks of 2 Brazilian Amazonian populations as follows: a riverside population (village of Vigia) and an urban population (city of Belém in the state of Pará).Methods -Fifty individuals controlled for age and sex were assessed in each region, and the major risk factors for coronary heart disease were analyzed. Results -According to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP III) and using the

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“…Intakes of less than 100 mmol/d (2.30 g/d) were reported in China (Province of Taiwan) (Liu & Chung, 1992), Samoa (Galanis et al, 1999), Spain (Schroder, Schmelz & Marrugat, 2002), Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania (Pavan et al, 1997), and Venezuela (Negretti de Bratter et al, 1998), but these reports were based on a variety of methods including dietary recall, unspecified questionnaire methods and duplicate diets, and none relied on 24-hour urine collections -the validity of these estimates is therefore open to question. In addition, intakes of less than 100 mmol/d (2.30 g/d) were recorded in South Africa from 24-hour recall data, but analysis of data obtained from concomitant 24-hour urine collections gave urinary sodium excretion estimates ranging from 135-165 mmol/d (3.11-3.80 g/d) (Charlton et al, 2005).…”

Section: Intermap Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately equal number of men and women Italy (NS) Pavan et al, 1997 Non-random general population sample from the towns of Mirano and Castelfranco Veneto, stratified by age and sex…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does dietary salt induce autoimmunity?

Croxford

Waisman

2013

Cell Res

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Sodium intakes of different populations around the world became of interest to the medical research community with the publication of Dahl's famous graph showing a positive straightline relationship of dietary sodium intake to prevalence of hypertension. At that time populations were identified around the world with vastly different sodium intakes (and rates of hypertension) ranging up to about 10.6 g/d sodium (460 mmol/d) in north-east Japan. Dietary survey methods tend to underestimate sodium intakes and timed 24-hour urinary sodium excretion is considered the "gold standard" method to estimate intake (some 85-90% of ingested sodium is excreted through the kidneys). However, there is also some evidence to suggest that spot ( Belgium and Japan where there have been public health campaigns to lower sodium in the community, for the most part mean sodium intakes have not changed much over the past 20 or more years. Sodium intakes tend to be higher in men than women, reflecting their higher food and energy intakes. Data in children and young people suggest higher intakes in boys than girls and at older ages in both sexes, but there are serious methodological difficulties in obtaining reliable and valid dietary data in this age group. For all countries for which recent data are available, dietary sodium intakes are much higher than the physiological need of 10-20 mmol/d (230-460 mg/d). In industrialized countries, about 75% of sodium in the diet comes from manufactured foods and foods eaten away from home. Some children's foods are extremely high in sodium. In Asian countries, high proportions of sodium in the diet come from salt added in cooking and from sauces such as soy and miso (in Japan).Representative samples of around 100 people (200 if men and women are to be considered separately), each providing a single timed 24-hour collection of urine for the estimation of sodium, would be required to monitor sodium intake in the community with a 95% confidence limit about the mean of c. +/-12 mmol/d. Much larger samples might be needed if greater precision is required.3

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Blood pressure, serum cholesterol and nutritional state in Tanzania and in the Amazon

Abstract: Transition from a rural to an urbanized lifestyle is accompanied by a rise in the main cardiovascular risk factors; the present data also show that environmental rather than racial factors have a crucial impact on the risk pattern of populations.

Cited by 35 publications

References 59 publications

HYPERTENSION: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Control

HYPERTENSION: Trends in Prevalence, Incidence, and Control

Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk in two Amazonian populations

Does dietary salt induce autoimmunity?

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