Blood Pressure Sensors: Materials, Fabrication Methods, Performance Evaluations and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Advancements in materials science and fabrication techniques have contributed to the significant growing attention to a wide variety of sensors for digital healthcare. While the progress in this area is tremendously impressive, few wearable sensors with the capability of real-time blood pressure monitoring are approved for clinical use. One of the key obstacles in the further development of wearable sensors for medical applications is the lack of comprehensive technical evaluation of sensor materials against the expected clinical performance. Here, we present an extensive review and critical analysis of various materials applied in the design and fabrication of wearable sensors. In our unique transdisciplinary approach, we studied the fundamentals of blood pressure and examined its measuring modalities while focusing on their clinical use and sensing principles to identify material functionalities. Then, we carefully reviewed various categories of functional materials utilized in sensor building blocks allowing for comparative analysis of the performance of a wide range of materials throughout the sensor operational-life cycle. Not only this provides essential data to enhance the materials’ properties and optimize their performance, but also, it highlights new perspectives and provides suggestions to develop the next generation pressure sensors for clinical use.

Ultrasensitive Multimodal Tactile Sensors with Skin‐Inspired Microstructures through Localized Ferroelectric Polarization

“…In particular, the monitoring of blood pressure waveforms provides information for cardiovascular disease diagnosis in advance, which requires high sensitivity for a stable and exact output signal. [ 36 , 37 , 38 ] The high pressure sensitivity of the sensor enables the monitoring of the weak pulse pressure of the carotid artery ( Figure 6 a,b ). The resulting pulse pressure waveform consisted of three distinct triboelectric peaks, which were induced from the main pulse pressure ( P 1 ) by contraction of the heart, and the reflected wave pressures ( P 2 and P 3 ) from peripheral sites (Figure 6a ).…”

Reversible Pressure‐Dependent Mechanochromism of Dion–Jacobson and Ruddlesden–Popper Layered Hybrid Perovskites

“…It is further relevant for the long-term stability of flexible perovskite devices and it points toward the use of mechanophores in the development of smart materials and pressure sensors. [47][48][49]…”

Sunlight sterilized, recyclable and super hydrophobic anti-COVID laser-induced graphene mask formulation for indelible usability

“…Hydrophobic surfaces with appropriate ultra-thin graphene nano-sheets, coating of structures can be super hydrophobic [24] . Several last decades, emerging super hydrophobic coatings with nanostructured surfaces developed rapidly [ [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] ]. Herein, we explore laser-induced graphene (LIG) materials further health protection capacity of anti-COVID sunlight sterilized long durable masks compared to that of ordinary surgical masks.…”