Blood manganese concentrations among first-grade schoolchildren in two South African cities

Röllin, Halina B.; Mathee, Angela; Levin, Jonathan; Theodorou, Penny; Wewers, Francois

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2004.05.003

Cited by 59 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The dispersion of the inland (Highveld) air pollution towards the Indian Ocean may be an additional contributor. The findings of the current study are in agreement with the previous study, where MnB above the limit set by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) were found in 4.2% of children in Cape Town and 12.5% of children in the city of Johannesburg [33][34][35] .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prenatal exposure to manganese in South African coastal communities

Röllin

Kootbodien

Theodorou

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Exposure to environmental sources and altered physiological processes of manganese uptake during pregnancy and its possible effect on prenatal and postnatal development are of concern. This study investigates manganese blood levels at the time of delivery across four cohorts of pregnant women residing in coastal communities of South Africa and examines birth outcomes and environmental factors that could influence manganese levels in the study population. The geometric mean (GM) manganese blood levels (MnB) for all women at delivery was 15.2 µg/L. Collectively, rural women reported higher MnB concentrations (GM, 16.1 µg/L) than urban women (GM, 13.5 µg/L, p<0.001). Of the 302 cord blood samples drawn from the study participants (rural women only), GM MnB levels reported for three rural sites were 25.8 µg/L (Rural 1), 33.4 µg/L (Rural 2) and 43.0 µg/L (Rural 3) and were twice as high as their respective maternal levels. However, no significant correlations were found between maternal and cord MnB levels across the 3 study areas. Factors associated 2 with elevated maternal MnB levels, after adjusting for gestational age were: women living in a rural area (Rural 2) (p = 0.021); women drinking potable water from an outdoor/communal tap sourced from municipality (p = 0.021); drinking water from river/stream (p = 0.036); younger maternal age (p = 0.026); consuming leafy vegetables once a week (p = 0.034); and elevated maternal blood lead concentrations (PbB) (p = 0.002). The results indicate that a MnB concentration in rural women during pregnancy is higher compared to urban women and increases with manganese intake from food and water.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prenatal exposure to manganese in South African coastal communities

Röllin

Kootbodien

Theodorou

et al. 2014

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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“…45 A South African study of schoolchildren showed that manganese blood levels were elevated in 14% of children living in Johannesburg (where manganese containing the methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl compound (MMT) was introduced to petrol to replace lead, 24 months before the survey) and low in other sites. 21,22 Concentrations of arsenic were found to be similar at all sites but highest in the inland malaria site. Unconfirmed sources of arsenic may be from the local water as there is no known mining activity at this particular site.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Levels of toxic and essential metals in maternal and umbilical cord blood from selected areas of South Africa—results of a pilot study

et al. 2009

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This pilot study uses concentrations of metals in maternal and cord blood at delivery, in seven selected geographical areas of South Africa, to determine prenatal environmental exposure to toxic metals. Samples of maternal and cord whole blood were analysed for levels of cadmium, mercury, lead, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, arsenic and selenium. Levels of some measured metals differed by site, indicating different environmental pollution levels in the regions selected for the study. Mercury levels were elevated in two coastal populations studied (Atlantic and Indian Ocean sites) with mothers from the Atlantic site having the highest median concentration of 1.78 mg/L ranging from 0.44 to 8.82 mg/L, which was found to be highly significant (p < 0.001) when compared to other sites, except the Indian Ocean site. The highest concentration of cadmium was measured in maternal blood from the Atlantic site with a median value of 0.25 mg/L (range 0.05-0.89 mg/L), and statistical significance of p < 0.032, when compared to all other sites studied, and p < 0.001 and p < 0.004 when compared to rural and industrial sites respectively, confounding factor for elevated cadmium levels was found to be cigarette smoking. Levels of lead were highest in the urban site, with a median value of 32.9 mg/L (range 16-81.5 mg/L), and statistically significant when compared with other sites (p < 0.003). Levels of selenium were highest in the Atlantic site reaching statistical significance (p < 0.001). All analysed metals were detected in umbilical cord blood samples and differed between sites, with mercury being highest in the Atlantic site (p < 0.001), lead being highest in the urban site (p < 0.004) and selenium in the Atlantic site (p < 0.001). To the best of our knowledge this pilot investigation is the first study performed in South Africa that measured multiple metals in delivering mothers and umbilical cord blood samples. These results will inform the selection of the geographical sites requiring further investigation in the main study.

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“…Oxides, carbonates and silicates are the most important Mncontaining minerals (Post, 1999). Depending on its oxidation state, Mn is utilized in countless industrial processes, such as the production of dry cell batteries, steel (Post, 1999; Saric, 1986), fuel oil additives and antiknock agents (Pfeifer et al, 2004;Ressler et al, 1999;Rollin et al, 2005). *Corresponding Author: Michael Aschner, PhD, 2215-B Garland Avenue, 11425 MRB IV, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, michael.aschner@vanderbilt.edu.…”

Section: Manganesementioning

confidence: 99%

Manganese transport in eukaryotes: The role of DMT1

2008

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Manganese (Mn) is a transition metal that is essential for normal cell growth and development, but is toxic at high concentrations. While Mn deficiency is uncommon in humans, Mn toxicity is known to be readily prevalent due to occupational overexposure in miners, smelters and possibly welders. Excessive exposure to Mn can cause Parkinson's disease-like syndrome; patients typically exhibit extrapyramidal symptoms that include tremor, rigidity and hypokinesia (Calne et al., 1994;Dobson et al., 2004).Mn-induced motor neuron diseases have been the subjects of numerous studies; however, this review is not intended to discuss its neurotoxic potential or its role in the etiology of motor neuron disorders. Rather, it will focus on Mn uptake and transport via the orthologues of the divalent metal transporter (DMT1) and its possible implications to Mn toxicity in various categories of eukaryotic systems, such as in vitro cell lines, in vivo rodents, the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, the honeybee, Apis mellifera L., the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and the baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Keywords DMT1; Manganese; NRAMP-2; Transport ManganeseMn is one of the most abundant naturally occurring elements in the earth's crust; it does not occur naturally in a pure state. Oxides, carbonates and silicates are the most important Mncontaining minerals (Post, 1999). Depending on its oxidation state, Mn is utilized in countless industrial processes, such as the production of dry cell batteries, steel (Post, 1999; Saric, 1986), fuel oil additives and antiknock agents (Pfeifer et al., 2004;Ressler et al., 1999;Rollin et al., 2005). *Corresponding Author: Michael Aschner, PhD, 2215-B Garland Avenue, 11425 MRB IV, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, michael.aschner@vanderbilt.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptNeurotoxicology. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 July 1. Published in final edited form as:Neurotoxicology. 2008 July ; 29(4): 569-576. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptThe major source of Mn in humans is through dietary ingestion. Approximately 3-5% of ingested Mn is absorbed across the intestinal wall, and the remainder is excreted in feces, representing tight homeostatic control over Mn absorption. Mn toxicity from dietary intake is rare; its uptake is tightly regulated, and any excess of ingested Mn is readily excreted via the bile. In contrast, both pulmonary uptake and particulate transport via the olfactory bulb (Saric, 1986;Aschner et al., 1991...

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Blood manganese concentrations among first-grade schoolchildren in two South African cities

Cited by 59 publications

References 20 publications

Prenatal exposure to manganese in South African coastal communities

Prenatal exposure to manganese in South African coastal communities

Levels of toxic and essential metals in maternal and umbilical cord blood from selected areas of South Africa—results of a pilot study

Manganese transport in eukaryotes: The role of DMT1

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