Blood Lead Levels of Children in Flint, Michigan: 2006-2016

Gomez, Hernan F.; Borgialli, Dominic; Sharman, Mahesh; Shah, Keneil K.; Scolpino, Anthony; Oleske, James M.; Bogden, John D.

doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.063

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Serious water quality problems arose in Flint, Mich., in 2014, after the City of Flint began distributing treated Flint River water from the Flint Water Service Center (FWSC) to the community. This is commonly referred to as the “Flint water crisis,” which has been documented in numerous publications including books (Clark , Hanna‐Attisha ), reports (USEPA , Michigan Civil Rights Commission ), and peer‐reviewed publications (e.g., Abernethy et al , Gómez et al , Goodwill et al , Pieper et al ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on the Lead and Copper Rule and Lead Levels in Flint's Water

Masten¹,

Davies²,

Haider³

et al. 2019

Journal AWWA

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Key Takeaways After the Flint water crisis, sampling programs were established to assess residential water lead levels. There have been differences in water lead levels for households with lead service lines versus those with copper service lines, and adding phosphate affects water lead levels. Since Flint's return to treated Lake Huron water in 2016, 90th percentile water lead levels have decreased, but they're higher than that reported in 2005–2011.

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confidence: 99%

Reflections on the Lead and Copper Rule and Lead Levels in Flint's Water

Masten¹,

Davies²,

Haider³

et al. 2019

Journal AWWA

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“…The toxicity of lead, like any xenobiotic, is directly linked to the duration of exposure and toxin concentration in the body. We focused this analysis on the entire 18-month FRW exposure as opposed to other studies [9][10][11] as there is no discernible or plausible scientific reason to evaluate shorter selected time periods of exposure when evaluating the potential health impact of BLLs in young children during the FRW switch. The examination of the three identical 18-month time frames and the study of both GM BLLs and frequency percentiles !5.0 lg/dL reveals comprehensively and accurately the historical pattern of changes in BLLs of Flint children and their relationship to the FRW exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hurley Medical Center (HMC) contains the regional children's hospital and is the primary source of pediatric BLL analysis in Flint. The investigation further examines the HMC database utilized by G omez et al [11]. Primary care doctors affiliated with this institution provide clinical services for the majority of Medicaid-enrolled children in the region.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The water source switch resulted in a higher percentage of households having tap water that exceeded allowable water lead concentration of 15 parts per billion, as outlined by the Lead and Copper rule of the Environmental Protection Agency [6][7][8]. Previous reports showed transient increases in the frequency percentage of BLLs of young children with BLLs above the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reference value of 5.0 lg/dL [9][10][11]. An initial investigation compared percentages of childhood BLLs above the CDC reference value for 8.5-month periods of time before (2013) and during FRW exposure (2015) [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An investigation by Kennedy et al analyzed BLLs above the CDC reference value during four periods, including periods after issuance of a water advisory, and after the switch back to DWA from FRW [10]. Most recently, an investigation of BLLs in young children in Flint annually over a decade noted an increase in GM BLLs of 0.11 lg/dL from 2014 to 2015, with a subsequent decrease in 2016 [11]. However, the water switch was not confined to 8.5 months, nor a single calendar year, but rather took place over a period of 18 months [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of blood lead levels of young children in Flint, Michigan before and during the 18-month switch to Flint River water

Gomez

Borgialli

Sharman

et al. 2019

Clinical Toxicology

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Background: The toxicity of lead, like any xenobiotic, is directly linked to the duration of exposure and toxin concentration in the body. The elevation in blood lead levels (BLLs) in young Flint, Michigan children noted in time-periods before, and during the 18-month exposure to Flint River water (FRW) from 25 April 2014 to 15 October 2015 is well-known internationally. The length of time BLLs were elevated is unknown, yet key in understanding the potential health impact of the event. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether BLLs in Flint children were increased during the entire 18-month FRW exposure compared to similar earlier time periods. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study analyzing BLLs from Flint children aged 5 years and under. The geometric mean (GM) BLLs and percentages of BLLs !5.0 lg/dL in Period I:

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The effects of COVID‐19 pandemic on early childhood care systems in Hawaii in 2020

Okamoto

Nitta

Borrello

et al. 2023

Public Health Challenges

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The COVID-19 pandemic caused many effects on the referrals to and the work of governmental agencies working with young children. This article describes the impact on the use of early childhood evaluations and services in the State of Hawaii. We looked at several nonpublic data sets from the Hawaii Department of Health and Department of Human Services, comparing the rates of early intervention referrals, lead level screening, childhood immunizations, and child welfare referrals in 2019 and 2020. We also describe effects on the work processes in various early childhood programs from the COVID-19 stay-at-home and work mandates. There was a decrease in rates of referrals to early intervention and child welfare services. There was less lead level screening being done, and childhood immunization rates dropped. Some of these issues stem from clinicians not seeing children whose families were worried about bringing their children for routine appointments. These clinicians do a lot of the developmental and lead screening, and much of the immunizations for children. Home visiting programs were interrupted as they could not do in-person screenings of families. Therefore, they could not easily identify families that benefit from the support of a trained home visitor. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) could not do anemia checks or measurements on children's growth. With ongoing COVID-19 issues in the State of Hawaii, remedies are required given ongoing effects on clinician offices practices and childhood program processes. early childhood, Hawaii, lead screening, pandemic This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Blood Lead Levels of Children in Flint, Michigan: 2006-2016

Cited by 33 publications

References 21 publications

Reflections on the Lead and Copper Rule and Lead Levels in Flint's Water

Reflections on the Lead and Copper Rule and Lead Levels in Flint's Water

Analysis of blood lead levels of young children in Flint, Michigan before and during the 18-month switch to Flint River water

The effects of COVID‐19 pandemic on early childhood care systems in Hawaii in 2020

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