Blood lead levels and risk factors for lead poisoning among children in Jakarta, Indonesia

Albalak, Rachel; Noonan, Gary; Buchanan, Sharunda; Flanders, W. Dana; Gotway-Crawford, Carol; Kim, Dennis; Jones, Robert L.; Sulaiman, Rini; Blumenthal, Wendy; Tan, Regina; Curtis, Gerald; McGeehin, Michael A.

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00297-8

Cited by 77 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Additionally, lead-based paint has remained in millions of housing units despite being banned (Jacobs et al, 2002), sometimes stirred up by housing renovations (Rabinowitz, Leviton, and Bellinger, 1985) or hidden by landlords with fresh coats of paint and then exposed when newer paint layers peel (McCoy, 2017). Smelting plants are a major source of contemporary soil lead (Albalak et al, 2003;Landrigan et al, 1975;Vargas et al, 2001), most of which were built decades ago and have been shuttered for some time (Eckel, Rabinowitz, and Foster, 2001). Yet, as the residents of East Chicago, Indiana, experienced, the public and many environmental professionals were unaware of the lead exposure risks in the contaminated soil around these plants.…”

Section: Theoretical Motivation and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theory and research introduced earlier on the risk of lead exposure from soil contaminated by smelting plants informed our selection of an appropriate IV (Albalak et al, 2003;Landrigan et al, 1975;Vargas et al, 2001). Many smelting plants never underwent proper environmental remediation, and even if plants were closed, lead in the surrounding soil decays at a very slow rate.…”

Section: Instrumental Variable Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Poisoned Development: Assessing Childhood Lead Exposure as a Cause of Crime in a Birth Cohort Followed Through Adolescence

Sampson

Winter

2018

Criminology

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Exposure to dangerous levels of lead was extensive for long stretches of the twentieth century (Feigenbaum and Muller, 2016;Troesken, 2006). Although environmental reforms such as the bans on lead in gasoline and paint in the 1970s were deemed victories for public health at the time (Markowitz and Rosner, 2013;Needleman, 2004), lead toxicity is far from a hazard of the past. High levels of lead have recently been found in thousands of cities in the United States (Pell and Schneyer, 2016) and in both developed and developing countries around the world (Tong, von Schirnding, and Prapamontol, 2000).

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Section: Theoretical Motivation and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Instrumental Variable Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Poisoned Development: Assessing Childhood Lead Exposure as a Cause of Crime in a Birth Cohort Followed Through Adolescence

Sampson

Winter

2018

Criminology

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“…4 Anak dapat menyerap hingga 50% timbal yang masuk ke dalam tubuh, sedangkan orang dewasa hanya menyerap 10-15%. 5 Keracunan Pb pada anak akan menyebabkan penurunan kecerdasan dan perubahan perilaku pada anak. Timbal juga bisa menyebabkan penyakit serius bagi kesehatan anakanak, khususnya pada sistem syaraf terutama menurunnya perkembangan otak dan IQ pada anakanak, encephalopati, ganguan kardiovaskuler, hyperactive, susah dalam belajar, masalah dalam bersikap seperti kurang peduli dan aggressive, rusak © 2016, JKLI, ISSN: 1412-4939 -e-ISSN: 2502-7085.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Hubungan kadar Pb dalam darah dengan prestasi belajar pada anak sekolah di SDN Grinting 01 Kecamatan Bulakamba Kabupaten Brebes

Romli

Suhartono

Setiani

2017

JKLI

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PENDAHULUANTimbal adalah logam berat yang sangat beracun terutama terhadap anak-anak. Masuknya timbal kedalam tubuh melalui saluran pernafasan dan saluran percernaan serta kulit.1 Menurut WHO, timbal bisa masuk dalam lingkungan dan tubuh manusia dari berbagai macam sumber seperti, diantaranya: mainan anak-anak, udara, air minum yang mengalir dalam pipa mengandung Pb, baterai, cat, krayon, kosmetik, tinta cetak, solder, pemberat pancing, peluru senapan angin, furniture, pernis, tanah dan sebagainya. beberapa jenis kosmetik dan obat tradisional dan juga berbagai sumber lainnya, seperti dalam pestisida dan herbisida golongan organoposfat serta pada alat-alat dapur yang digunakan untuk memasak setiap hari. 2,3Timbal dapat masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia melalui saluran pernapasan (inhalasi), saluran pencernaan (oral) dan kulit (dermal) seperti ketika manusia bernapas (menghirup), makan, menelan, terserap dikulit atau melalui plasenta ibu hamil yang menderita keracunan timbal serta meminum zat apa saja yang mengandung timbal. 4 Anak dapat menyerap hingga 50% timbal yang masuk ke dalam tubuh, sedangkan orang dewasa hanya menyerap 10-15%.5 Keracunan Pb pada anak akan menyebabkan penurunan kecerdasan dan perubahan perilaku pada anak. Timbal juga bisa menyebabkan penyakit serius bagi kesehatan anakanak, khususnya pada sistem syaraf terutama menurunnya perkembangan otak dan IQ pada anakanak, encephalopati, ganguan kardiovaskuler, hyperactive, susah dalam belajar, masalah dalam bersikap seperti kurang peduli dan aggressive, rusak

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“…Children living near lead smelter areas in Torreon, Mexico, were exposed to lead by inhalation (lead in air particles), ingestion of soil, and ingestion of food cooked in lead-glazed ceramics (García Vargas et al, 2001;Albalak et al, 2003;Pineda-Zavaleta et al, 2004). Furthermore, in the smelter area, lead levels in household dust were higher than levels in control areas; thus, inhalation and ingestion of dust particles were additional pathways of exposure.…”

Section: Smelter Areasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

Liu

Xia

Guo

et al. 2012

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The urinary metabolites of phthalates are well-accepted exposure biomarkers for adults and children older than 6 years but are not commonly used for infants owing to non-convenient sampling. In the light of this situation, a novel sampling method based on monitoring the urine expressed from the gel diaper was developed. The urine was expressed from the gel absorbent after mixing the absorbent with CaCl2 and then collected by a laboratory-made device; the urinary phthalate metabolites were extracted and cleaned using a solid-phase extraction (SPE) column and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry / mass spectrometry. To evaluate the method's feasibility, the following factors were investigated: the proportion of CaCl2 to gel absorbent, the urination volume variation and the target compounds' deposition bias in the diaper, the matrix blank of the different diaper brands, the storage stabilities and the recoveries of creatinine and phthalate metabolites in the expressed urine. Mono-methyl phthalate, mono-ethyl phthalate, mono-butyl phthalate, mono-benzyl phthalate, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate were involved. 70-80% of the urine can be expressed from the diaper, and the expressed spiking recoveries and the limit of detection of mono-phthalates ranged from 88.5-115% and 0.21-0.50 ng/ml. The method was applied to measure phthalate metabolites in 65 gel diaper samples from 15 infants, and the pilot data suggests the infants are commonly exposed to phthalates. In summary, the method for monitoring of infant exposure to phthalates is sound and validated, and the potential health effects from the vulnerable infants' exposure to phthalates should be concerned.39th Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars (SRF for ROCS); Hundred Talent Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); CAS/SAFEA International Partnership Program for Creative Research Teams [KZCX2-YW-T08

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Blood lead levels and risk factors for lead poisoning among children in Jakarta, Indonesia

Cited by 77 publications

References 11 publications

Poisoned Development: Assessing Childhood Lead Exposure as a Cause of Crime in a Birth Cohort Followed Through Adolescence

Poisoned Development: Assessing Childhood Lead Exposure as a Cause of Crime in a Birth Cohort Followed Through Adolescence

Hubungan kadar Pb dalam darah dengan prestasi belajar pada anak sekolah di SDN Grinting 01 Kecamatan Bulakamba Kabupaten Brebes

Expressing urine from a gel disposable diaper for biomonitoring using phthalates as an example

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