Blood Lead Levels and Mortality

Lustberg, Mark; Silbergeld, Ellen K.

doi:10.1001/archinte.162.21.2443

Cited by 280 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Lead is implicated in reduced somatic growth [12], decreased brain volume [5], spontaneous abortion [13], nephropathy [14], cancer, and cardiovascular disease [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Bullet Fragments in Venison from Rifle-killed Deer: Potential for Human Dietary Exposure

Hunt¹

2009

Ingestion of Lead From Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans

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Human consumers of wildlife killed with lead ammunition may be exposed to health risks associated with lead ingestion. This hypothesis is based on published studies showing elevated blood lead concentrations in subsistence hunter populations, retention of ammunition residues in the tissues of hunter-killed animals, and systemic, cognitive, and behavioral disorders associated with human lead body burdens once considered safe. Our objective was to determine the incidence and bioavailability of lead bullet fragments in hunter-killed venison, a widely-eaten food among hunters and their families. We radiographed 30 eviscerated carcasses of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) shot by hunters with standard lead-core, copper-jacketed bullets under normal hunting conditions. All carcasses showed metal fragments (geometric mean = 136 fragments, range = 15-409) and widespread fragment dispersion. We took each carcass to a separate meat processor and fluoroscopically scanned the resulting meat packages; fluoroscopy revealed metal fragments in the ground meat packages of 24 (80%) of the 30 deer; 32% of 234 ground meat packages contained at least one fragment. Fragments were identified as lead by ICP in 93% of 27 samples. Isotope ratios of lead in meat matched the ratios of bullets, and differed from background lead in bone. We fed fragment-containing venison to four pigs to test bioavailability; four controls received venison without fragments from the same deer. Mean blood lead concentrations in pigs peaked at 2.29 mg/dL (maximum 3.8 mg/dL) 2 days following ingestion of fragment-containing venison, significantly higher than the 0.63 mg/dL averaged by controls. We conclude that people risk exposure to bioavailable lead from bullet fragments when they eat venison from deer killed with standard lead-based rifle bullets and processed under normal procedures. At risk in the U.S. are some ten million hunters, their families, and low-income beneficiaries of venison donations.

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“…Lead is implicated in reduced somatic growth [12], decreased brain volume [5], spontaneous abortion [13], nephropathy [14], cancer, and cardiovascular disease [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Bullet Fragments in Venison from Rifle-killed Deer: Potential for Human Dietary Exposure

Hunt¹

2009

Ingestion of Lead From Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans

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“…Harmful effects depend on plasma levels and on the duration of exposure. Individuals with blood lead levels up to 29 µg/dL (1 to 1.4 µmol/L), currently considered to be an unsafe level, had 46% increased all-cause mortality, 39% increased circulatory mortality and 68% increased cancer mortality (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead reduces tension development and the myosin ATPase activity of the rat right ventricular myocardium

Vassallo

Lebarch

Moreira

et al. 2008

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Lead (Pb 2+ ) poisoning causes hypertension, but little is known regarding its acute effects on cardiac contractility. To evaluate these effects, force was measured in right ventricular strips that were contracting isometrically in 45 male Wistar rats (250-300 g) before and after the addition of increasing concentrations of lead acetate (3,7,10,30, 70, 100, and 300 µM) to the bath. Changes in rate of stimulation (0.1-1.5 Hz), relative potentiation after pauses of 15, 30, and 60 s, effect of Ca 2+ concentration (0.62, 1.25, and 2.5 mM), and the effect of isoproterenol (20 ng/mL) were determined before and after the addition of 100 µM Pb 2+ . Effects on contractile proteins were evaluated after caffeine treatment using tetanic stimulation (10 Hz) and measuring the activity of the myosin ATPase. Pb 2+ produced concentration-dependent force reduction, significant at concentrations greater than 30 µM. The force developed in response to increasing rates of stimulation became smaller at 0.5 and 0.8 Hz. Relative potentiation increased after 100 µM Pb 2+ treatment. Extracellular Ca 2+ increment and isoproterenol administration increased force development but after 100 µM Pb 2+ treatment the force was significantly reduced suggesting an effect of the metal on the sarcolemmal Ca 2+ influx. Concentration of 100 µM Pb 2+ also reduced the peak and plateau force of tetanic contractions and reduced the activity of the myosin ATPase. Results showed that acute Pb 2+ administration, although not affecting the sarcoplasmic reticulum activity, produces a concentration-dependent negative inotropic effect and reduces myosin ATPase activity. Results suggest that acute lead administration reduced myocardial contractility by reducing sarcolemmal calcium influx and the myosin ATPase activity. These results also suggest that lead exposure is hazardous and has toxicological consequences affecting cardiac muscle.

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“…These comprise lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, chromium, manganese and nickel and cause central and peripheral nerve harm. They affect nervous and cognitive functions, increases renal toxicity, with hypertension, cardiovascular problems, skin sensitivity and high mortality (Barceloux, 1999;Satoh, 2000;Lustberg and Silbergeld, 2002;Ratnaike, 2003;Crossgrove, 2004;Nawrot et. al, 2006;Das et.…”

Section: Health Impact Of Bauxite and Heavy Metals Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Occupational and Environmental Health Hazards of Bauxite Mining in Malaysia

Qureshi

Nordin

Yiqian

et al. 2017

International Conference on Public Health

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This review aims to explore the potential occupational and environmental health hazards on lives of miners and neighbouring communities, in relation to bauxite mining in Malaysia. The mining related environmental issues include air, water and soil pollution due to bauxite dust; its leaching into water sources reduces soil fertility, affects agricultural food produce and aquatic life. Bauxite occupational exposure affects the health of miners, apart from negative health impacts on neighbouring communities; such as frequent respiratory symptoms, and contamination of drinking water. Other potential health effects of bauxite mining include noise-induced hearing loss and mental stress. This review describes the processes of bauxite mining, its components, the residual trace elements, and their impacts on environment and health of exposed workers and communities. It also discusses Malaysian legal requirements and occupational exposure standards for bauxite.

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Blood Lead Levels and Mortality

Cited by 280 publications

References 43 publications

Lead Bullet Fragments in Venison from Rifle-killed Deer: Potential for Human Dietary Exposure

Lead Bullet Fragments in Venison from Rifle-killed Deer: Potential for Human Dietary Exposure

Lead reduces tension development and the myosin ATPase activity of the rat right ventricular myocardium

A Review of the Occupational and Environmental Health Hazards of Bauxite Mining in Malaysia

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