Blood lead level and physical fitness of schoolchildren in the copper basin of south-western Poland: Indirect effects through growth stunting

Ignasiak, Zofia; Sławińska, Teresa; Rożek, Krystyna; Malina, Robert M.; Little, Bertis B.

doi:10.1080/03014460701251112

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In comparing our SMBA results with literature data (Ahnert, 2005;Beck et al, 1995;Bös et al, 2009;Ignasiak et al, 2007;Monyeki et al, 2005;Olds et al, 2006;Roth et al, 2010;Schmid et al, 2007;Vandorpe et al, 2011), we observed that sixyear-old first graders performed better than the reference data, and eight-year-old first graders performed equally or worse. These findings underpin the fact that the criterion values we used should be considered arbitrary in the context of school-based assessments.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

‘Sportmotorische Bestandesaufnahme’: Criterion‐ vs. norm‐based reference values of fitness tests for Swiss first grade children

Tomatis

Krebs

Siegenthaler

et al. 2014

European Journal of Sport Science

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Health is closely linked to physical activity and fitness. It is therefore important to monitor fitness in children. Although many reports on physical tests have been published, data comparison between studies is an issue. This study reports Swiss first grade norm values of fitness tests and compares these with criterion reference data. A total of 10,565 boys (7.18 ± 0.42 years) and 10,204 girls (7.14 ± 0.41 years) were tested for standing long jump, plate tapping, 20-m shuttle run, lateral jump and 20-m sprint. Average values for six-, seven- and eight-year-olds were analysed and reference curves for age were constructed. Z-values were generated for comparisons with criterion references reported in the literature. Results were better for all disciplines in seven-year-old first grade children compared to six-year-old children (p < 0.01). Eight-year-old children did not perform better compared to seven-year-old children in the sprint run (p = 0.11), standing long jump (p > 0.99) and shuttle run (p = 0.43), whereas they were better in all other disciplines compared to their younger peers. The average performance of boys was better than girls except for tapping at the age of 8 (p = 0.06). Differences in performance due to testing protocol and setting must be considered when test values from a first grade setting are compared to criterion-based benchmarks. In a classroom setting, younger children tended to have better results and older children tended to have worse outcomes when compared to their age group criterion reference values. Norm reference data are valid allowing comparison with other data generated by similar test protocols applied in a classroom setting.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

‘Sportmotorische Bestandesaufnahme’: Criterion‐ vs. norm‐based reference values of fitness tests for Swiss first grade children

Tomatis

Krebs

Siegenthaler

et al. 2014

European Journal of Sport Science

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“…One of these described mercury exposure from gold mining in Indonesia [95], and one described blood lead levels in teenagers employed in an auto repair business in Turkey [102]. Two studies described occupational take-home exposures of lead in children living with parents who were employed in mining and smelting industries [64, 89]. Worker education and improved industrial hygiene practices are well-known interventions that could be implemented and have been effective in reducing occupational take-home exposures in developed countries.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a Polish study of low-level prenatal lead exposure (median cord blood lead level = 1.23 μ g/dL), a significant deficit in Mental Development Index scores persisted at 1, 2, and 3 years of age [86]. Other health effects associated with lead exposure in these studies were low birth weight, aplastic anemia, and stunted growth [68, 71, 89]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Do We Know of Childhood Exposures to Metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury) in Emerging Market Countries?

Horton

Mortensen

Iossifova

et al. 2013

International Journal of Pediatrics

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Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury present potential health risks to children who are exposed through inhalation or ingestion. Emerging Market countries experience rapid industrial development that may coincide with the increased release of these metals into the environment. A literature review was conducted for English language articles from the 21st century on pediatric exposures to arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) top 10 Emerging Market countries: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey. Seventy-six peer-reviewed, published studies on pediatric exposure to metals met the inclusion criteria. The reported concentrations of metals in blood and urine from these studies were generally higher than US reference values, and many studies identified adverse health effects associated with metals exposure. Evidence of exposure to metals in the pediatric population of these Emerging Market countries demonstrates a need for interventions to reduce exposure and efforts to establish country-specific reference values through surveillance or biomonitoring. The findings from review of these 10 countries also suggest the need for country-specific public health policies and clinician education in Emerging Markets.

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“…Several studies have shown an association between increase in BLL and decrease in stature. For each 10μg/dL increase in BLL, a reduction in height of about 1–3 cm has been seen [ 22 , 26 , 27 , 47 – 50 ]. A study in Poland proposed a biological basis for the relationship between BLL and height, suggesting that lead in the blood could interrupt matrix calcification, resulting in stunted long bone growth [ 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the relationship between blood lead level and stunting, wasting and underweight- A cross-sectional study of children under 2 years-of-age in a Bangladeshi slum

et al. 2018

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Elevated blood lead level (BLL) is known to cause cardiac, immune, and cognitive damage but had not been thoroughly studied in relation to stunting among children under two years of age. We primarily aimed to assess the relationship between elevated BLL, the accumulation of concerned amount of the metal lead in blood and stunting and secondarily—wasting and underweight amongst Bangladeshi children less than two years of age. For this cross-sectional study, BLL measurements, anthropometric data, and socioeconomic indicator information were collected and analyzed for 729 children under two years of age upon enrollment in the MAL-ED study conducted in a Bangladeshi slum area. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to observe the proportion and mean and contribution of elevated BLL and other relevant variables in explaining the occurrence of stunting. Of the enrolled subjects, 39.0% were stunted [length-for-age z score (LAZ<-2)], 50.3% were male, and 86.6% had an elevated BLL (≥5μg/dL). Mean BLL of stunted children was 8.47 ± 3·37 μg/dL and 8.10 ± 3·80 μg/dL for non-stunted children. Proportion of children with elevated BLL was not significantly different between the stunted and non-stunted groups (p>0.05). When adjusted for other variables, elevated BLL was found to be a significant predictor of stunting and underweight (p<0.05) but not wasting (p>0.05). Elevated BLL (p<0·01), child’s gender and weight (p<0·001), maternal body mass index (BMI) (p<0.05) and severe household food insecurity (p<0·05) were all significantly associated with stunting in the multivariate model. Increased odds of stunting was also observed for increased BLL. The findings suggest that chronic lead poisoning is significantly associated with high level of stunting among child slum dwellers in Bangladesh. These findings strengthen the argument for improved lead reduction efforts in Bangladesh, where lead poisoning and stunting are both highly prevalent.

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Blood lead level and physical fitness of schoolchildren in the copper basin of south-western Poland: Indirect effects through growth stunting

Abstract: Direct effects of blood lead level on indicators of physical fitness in school age youth are not evident. Blood lead level adversely affects physical fitness indirectly through growth stunting.

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

‘Sportmotorische Bestandesaufnahme’: Criterion‐ vs. norm‐based reference values of fitness tests for Swiss first grade children

‘Sportmotorische Bestandesaufnahme’: Criterion‐ vs. norm‐based reference values of fitness tests for Swiss first grade children

What Do We Know of Childhood Exposures to Metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury) in Emerging Market Countries?

Examining the relationship between blood lead level and stunting, wasting and underweight- A cross-sectional study of children under 2 years-of-age in a Bangladeshi slum

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