Blood Lead Concentrations in 1–3 Year Old Lebanese Children: A Cross-sectional study

Nuwayhid, Iman; Nabulsi, Mona; Muwakkit, Samar; Kouzi, Sarah; Salem, George J.; Mikati, Mohamad A.; Ariss, M.

doi:10.1186/1476-069x-2-5

Cited by 26 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In the multivariate logistic analyses, in addition, there was a statistically significant association between father in skilled job and incereased BPb concentration. This tendency did not match those of other studies [15,18,19,31]. In the present study, father’s job were categorized based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 88%

“…As higher BPb concentrations were observed in male children, factors other than those examined in the present study are likely to have contributed to their lead exposure levels. Although previous studies [13,14,15,18,31] on the relationships between lead exposure and SES did not refer to gender differences, taking gender differences into account could be important in preventive measures against lead toxicity in children. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-sectional Study on the Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on Lead Exposure in Children by Gender in Serpong, Indonesia

Iriani

Matsukawa

Tadjudin

et al. 2012

IJERPH

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To elucidate the socioeconomic factors influencing lead exposure in elementary school children by gender, 108 children (56 male, 52 female), aged 6–7 years, were randomly selected from 39 elementary state schools in Serpong, Banten, Indonesia. Their parents were interviewed to obtain information on sociodemographic characteristics. Their blood lead (BPb) levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. BPb concentrations were significantly higher in males than in females, i.e., 6.8 ± 2.0 (2.9–12.5) µg/dL and 5.9 ± 1.9 (3.1–11.7) µg/dL, respectively (p < 0.05). Lower socioeconomic status and well water use were associated with increased BPb concentrations, especially in females. The proportion of well water use was related to lower socioeconomic status. Lower socioeconomic status linked with well water drinking seemed to be associated with increased lead exposure in children in Serpong. Their exposure levels possibly varied according to gender differences in behavior. An intervention should be instituted among children in Serpong with BPb concentrations of 10 µg/dL or above.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-sectional Study on the Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on Lead Exposure in Children by Gender in Serpong, Indonesia

Iriani

Matsukawa

Tadjudin

et al. 2012

IJERPH

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“…Pirkle et al (1998) showed that children from lower income families were at risk of elevated BLLs. Nuwayhid et al (2003) reported that children from the lower SES and lower educated families had BLLs 10 lg/dL in comparison with other children who had BLLs \ 10 lg/dL. Jacob et al (2000) revealed that lower SES was associated with elevated BLLs in children aged 5-14 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study of children in Callao and Lima metropolitan area revealed that ingestion of soil and ingestion of modeling clay were associated with elevated blood lead levels in the children (Espinoza et al, 2003). Another study demonstrated that BLLs 10 lg/dL was related with the use of hot tap water for cooking (Nuwayhid et al, 2003). Consumption of tap water from lead pipes is a risk factor associated with elevated BLLs in children as opposed to consumption of bottled water (Leroyer et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood lead levels in children of Lucknow, India

Ahamed

Verma

Kumar

et al. 2009

Environmental Toxicology

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After implementing measures to control lead pollution in many countries, blood lead levels (BLLs) in children have been declined. The phase-out of leaded petrol began in Lucknow, the capital of most populated state, Uttar Pradesh in India on April 1, 2000. We evaluated the mean BLL and associated risk factors for lead exposure in Lucknow children (3-12 years) after petrol lead phase-out activity. The mean BLL of the 200 children was 9.3 microg/dL (range: 1.0-27.9 microg/dL). Seventy-four children (37%) had BLL above the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) level of concern (10 microg/dL). When these data were compared with BLLs determined by the George Foundation among the children of Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Delhi during the year 1997 when leaded petrol was in use, where 62%, 62%, 87%, 96%, 43%, and 95%, respectively, then exceeded the CDC intervention level. Further, BLL of present study was very close to Mumbai children (age < or =12 years) estimated following the introduction of unleaded petrol, and 33% children had BLL above the CDC concern level with an average 8.4 microg/dL. Low socioeconomic status, proximity of home to traffic density, and mother's illiteracy were the factors associated with elevated BLLs in Lucknow children (P < 0.05). Overall, results indicate a declining trend of BLL in Lucknow children when compared with those reported from other cities of India when leaded petrol was in practice. A national population-based study is recommended to determine the prevalence of elevated BLLs after the phase-out of leaded-petrol. In addition, future studies on other sources of lead exposure in Lucknow are warranted for public health purposes.

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“…Previous cases of lead exposure involving lead-glazed ceramics and kohl were identified among the 690 children screened in France (Inserm and InVS, 2008) and in neonates in three maternity wards in the surroundings of Paris in 2004 (Yazbeck et al, 2007). Traditional cosmetics, such as surma and kohl, are also associated with high levels of lead exposure in children in the countries where they are frequently used (Al-Saleh et al, 1999;Goswami, 2013;Nuwayhid et al, 2003;Rahbar et al, 2002) and in sporadic cases in the US (CDC, 2004(CDC, , 2013b.…”

Section: Cosmetics and Ceramicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Environmental determinants of different blood lead levels in children: A quantile analysis from a nationwide survey

Etchevers

Tertre

Lucas

et al. 2015

Environment International

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Blood lead levels (BLLs) have substantially decreased in recent decades in children in France. However, further reducing exposure is a public health goal because there is no clear toxicological threshold. The identification of the environmental determinants of BLLs as well as risk factors associated with high BLLs is important to update prevention strategies. We aimed to estimate the contribution of environmental sources of lead to different BLLs in children in France. We enrolled 484 children aged from 6months to 6years, in a nationwide cross-sectional survey in 2008-2009. We measured lead concentrations in blood and environmental samples (water, soils, household settled dusts, paints, cosmetics and traditional cookware). We performed two models: a multivariate generalized additive model on the geometric mean (GM), and a quantile regression model on the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th quantile of BLLs. The GM of BLLs was 13.8μg/L (=1.38μg/dL) (95% confidence intervals (CI): 12.7-14.9) and the 90th quantile was 25.7μg/L (CI: 24.2-29.5). Household and common area dust, tap water, interior paint, ceramic cookware, traditional cosmetics, playground soil and dust, and environmental tobacco smoke were associated with the GM of BLLs. Household dust and tap water made the largest contributions to both the GM and the 90th quantile of BLLs. The concentration of lead in dust was positively correlated with all quantiles of BLLs even at low concentrations. Lead concentrations in tap water above 5μg/L were also positively correlated with the GM, 75th and 90th quantiles of BLLs in children drinking tap water. Preventative actions must target household settled dust and tap water to reduce the BLLs of children in France. The use of traditional cosmetics should be avoided whereas ceramic cookware should be limited to decorative purposes.

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Blood Lead Concentrations in 1–3 Year Old Lebanese Children: A Cross-sectional study

Cited by 26 publications

References 23 publications

Cross-sectional Study on the Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on Lead Exposure in Children by Gender in Serpong, Indonesia

Cross-sectional Study on the Effects of Socioeconomic Factors on Lead Exposure in Children by Gender in Serpong, Indonesia

Blood lead levels in children of Lucknow, India

Environmental determinants of different blood lead levels in children: A quantile analysis from a nationwide survey

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