Blood Glucose Levels at Two Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle: A Study on a Group of Bengali-speaking Hindu Ethnic Populations of West Bengal, India

Dey, Saheli; Dasgupta, Doyel; Roy, Subho

doi:10.1177/0972558x19835371

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Blood glucose levels can fluctuate due to various factors, the most well-known being body composition 1 , diet 2 , 3 , and exercise 4 . Understanding these fluctuations is an essential part of maintaining a healthy lifestyle as they can indicate or obscure indicators of health issues including diabetes and vascular diseases 5 , 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood glucose variance measured by continuous glucose monitors across the menstrual cycle

et al. 2023

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Past studies on how blood glucose levels vary across the menstrual cycle have largely shown inconsistent results based on limited blood draws. In this study, 49 individuals wore a Dexcom G6 continuous glucose monitor and a Fitbit Sense smartwatch while measuring their menstrual hormones and self-reporting characteristics of their menstrual cycles daily. The average duration of participation was 79.3 ± 21.2 days, leading to a total of 149 cycles and 554 phases in our dataset. We use periodic restricted cubic splines to evaluate the relationship between blood glucose and the menstrual cycle, after which we assess phase-based changes in daily median glucose level and associated physiological parameters using mixed-effects models. Results indicate that daily median glucose levels increase and decrease in a biphasic pattern, with maximum levels occurring during the luteal phase and minimum levels occurring during the late-follicular phase. These trends are robust to adjustments for participant characteristics (e.g., age, BMI, weight) and self-reported menstrual experiences (e.g., food cravings, bloating, fatigue). We identify negative associations between each of daily estrogen level, step count, and low degrees of fatigue with higher median glucose levels. Conversely, we find positive associations between higher food cravings and higher median glucose levels. This study suggests that blood glucose could be an important parameter for understanding menstrual health, prompting further investigation into how the menstrual cycle influences glucose fluctuation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood glucose variance measured by continuous glucose monitors across the menstrual cycle

et al. 2023

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“…It may be explained as optimal vitamin D level is needed for normal FPG as it affects insulin production (33) . Moreover, FPG level may be affected by estrogen and progesterone levels as it may be lower in the premenstrual phase due to increase glucose consumption by cells or it may be higher in the luteal phase due to increased progesterone and decrease insulin sensitivity (34,35) . Additionally, hypoalbuminemia was significantly found in secondary T2DM osteoporotic fractures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and osteoporotic fractures among type II diabetic Egyptian females

El-Maksoud

Abulsoud

et al. 2021

Azhar International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Scien

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The predominant role of the biologically active vitamin D is to regulate calcium homeostasis through increasing bone mineralization and intestinal calcium absorption. Moreover, vitamin D is found to be related to glucose metabolism, therefore vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism may provoke type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and osteoporotic fractures as well. This case control study was conducted on 90 premenopausal females. Serum vitamin D2, total calcium, albumin, ionized calcium and fasting plasma glucose were assayed. VDR gene TaqI single nucleotide polymorphism was assessed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using DNA isolated from the collected whole blood. Results showed that hyperglycemia, hypovitaminosis D2 and low level of total calcium were observed in secondary T2DM osteoporotic fractures. G allele was significantly increased in the control group compared to patients with secondary T2DM osteoporotic fractures. Accordingly, this study concludes that the recessive G allele has a protective role against osteoporotic fractures in T2DM females.

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“…On the contrary, Trout et al [ 72 ] reported high fasting glucose and low insulin sensitivity during the luteal phase, yet this finding was not significant. Dey et al [ 64 ] similarly reported increased blood glucose level in the same phase. Also, Denicoff et al [ 73 ] reported significant changes in glucose tolerance test in both luteal and follicular phases, but they denied PMS to be related to these changes.…”

Section: Dm and Pmsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Emerging Perspectives on the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and Anti-Diabetic Drugs on Premenstrual Syndrome. A Narrative Review

Azmy Nabeh,

Amr,

Faoosa

et al. 2024

Diabetes Ther

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) are global health challenges. Both disorders are often linked to a range of physical and psychological symptoms that significantly impact the quality of life of many women. Yet, the exact relation between DM and PMS is not clear, and the management of both conditions poses a considerable challenge. In this review, we aimed to investigate the interplay between DM, anti-diabetic drugs, and the different theories and symptoms of PMS. Female sex hormones are implicated in the pathophysiology of PMS and can also impair blood glucose control. In addition, patients with diabetes face a higher susceptibility to anxiety and depression disorders, with a significant number of patients experiencing symptoms such as fatigue and difficulty concentrating, which are reported in patients with PMS as well. Complications related to diabetic medications, such as hypoglycemia (with sulfonylurea) and fluid retention (with thiazolidinediones) may also mediate PMS-like symptoms. DM can, in addition, disturb the normal gut microbiota (GM), with a consequent loss of beneficial GM metabolites that guard against PMS, particularly the short-chain fatty acids and serotonin. Among the several available anti-diabetic drugs, those (1) with an anti-inflammatory potential, (2) that can preserve the beneficial GM, and (3) possessing a lower risk for hypoglycemia, might have a favorable outcome in PMS women. Yet, well-designed clinical trials are needed to investigate the anti-diabetic drug(s) of choice for patients with diabetes and PMS.

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Blood Glucose Levels at Two Different Phases of Menstrual Cycle: A Study on a Group of Bengali-speaking Hindu Ethnic Populations of West Bengal, India

Cited by 6 publications

References 9 publications

Blood glucose variance measured by continuous glucose monitors across the menstrual cycle

Blood glucose variance measured by continuous glucose monitors across the menstrual cycle

Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and osteoporotic fractures among type II diabetic Egyptian females

Emerging Perspectives on the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and Anti-Diabetic Drugs on Premenstrual Syndrome. A Narrative Review

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