Blood gases, pH, and lactate in appropriate- and small-for-gestational-age fetuses

Nicolaides, Kypros H.; Economides, D. L.; Soothill, Peter

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(89)90770-9

Cited by 371 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…By studying LBW animals to adulthood we have shown that LBW is associated with significantly reduced brain weights (both absolute and relative to body weight), and evidence of greater adiposity. In LBW fetuses, SaO 2 was reduced to levels that were similar to those reported in previous studies in fetal sheep subjected to placental embolization [14, 17; 22], and the fetal blood gases were similar to those reported in human fetal growth restriction [23,24]. LBW lambs were born, on average, 6 days earlier than controls, which would have contributed to their LBW, but the postnatal alterations in growth and body composition were most likely due to restricted fetal growth.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Long Term Consequences of Low Birthweight on Postnatal Growth, Adiposity and Brain Weight at Maturity in Sheep

Louey

Cock

Harding

2005

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. Low birth weight (LBW) as a result of restricted fetal growth increases the risk for later metabolic diseases and adiposity. However the relationship between LBW and postnatal growth and adult body composition has not been fully investigated. We have used sheep to determine the effects of LBW on postnatal growth and body composition at maturity. LBW was induced by twinning and placental embolization. At birth, LBW lambs were 38% lighter than controls (2.8 ± 0.2 vs 4.4 ± 0.3 kg, P<0.05), but had caught up in bodyweight by 8 weeks after birth. At ~2.3 years, bodyweights were not different between groups, but there were reductions in absolute (-8%) and relative (-17%) brain weights of LBW sheep (P<0.05) compared to controls. X-ray absorptiometry showed that the mature LBW sheep, compared to controls, had greater amounts of lean muscle (38.1 ± 1.3 vs 35.3 ± 0.5 kg, P<0.05) and tended to have more body fat (12.2 ± 1.2 vs 9.6 ± 0.9 kg; P=0.1); at autopsy abdominal fat mass was greater in LBW sheep (3.06 ± 0.26 vs 2.20 ± 0.25 kg, P<0.05). Plasma leptin concentrations were not different between groups. We conclude that, in sheep, LBW is associated with early postnatal catch-up in body weight, but body composition is permanently altered such that, relative to controls, adiposity is increased and brain weight is decreased. Key words: Adiposity, Fetal growth restriction, Body composition, Birth weight, Leptin (J. Reprod. Dev. 51: [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] 2005) he postnatal effects of low birth weight (LBW) are of considerable interest because in recent years LBW has been associated with an increased risk of several adult-onset diseases [1][2][3]. LBW, especially that caused by restricted fetal growth, is often followed by accelerated postnatal growth [4], and recent studies indicate that this catch-up growth can amplify the risk for cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction. Individuals who had low birth weights but exhibited increased growth rates in terms of weight, height or body mass index (BMI) have been shown to be at a greater risk for abdominal adiposity [5], hypertension [2, 3] and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [6] than those who failed to catch up [7].As well as differing postnatal growth rates, body c o m p o si t i o n c a n d i f f e r b e t w e e n L B W a n d appropriately grown individuals. At birth, LBW infants have reduced body fat, lean mass and bone m i n e r a l c o n t e n t ( B M C ) c o m p a r e d w i t h appropriately grown newborns [8]. However, these reductions are related to lower body weights, and body composition is not different between LBW and normally grown infants of similar weights [8]. After birth, age-related changes in body composition differ between LBW and appropriately grown infants. For example, the postnatal increase in BMC in LBW infants is less than that of appropriately grown infants [9], and adults of low birth weight have reduced total BMC and reduced bone mineral density (BMD) [10]. Adiposity is also affected, such that body fat content...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Long Term Consequences of Low Birthweight on Postnatal Growth, Adiposity and Brain Weight at Maturity in Sheep

Louey

Cock

Harding

2005

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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“…We defined our normal range of fetal biochemical values such as p02, pCO2 and pH in each gestational week from our cumulative data of fetal blood sampling. Our data do not differ much from that of Nicholaides et al (Nicolaides et al 1986(Nicolaides et al ,1989a It has been disputed whether the prognosis of complicated fetus can be predicted based on fetal blood gas evaluation. Nicolini et al (1990) reported a limited role for fetal blood sampling in the prediction of fetal outcome in intrauterine growth retardation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Relation between Fetal Blood Gas Levels and the Outcome of Babies in Severe Preeclampsia.

Okamura

Murotsuki

Watanabe

et al. 1992

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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“…It is well established that the arterial and venous pO 2 and pH decrease and the arterial and venous pCO 2 increase [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological development of a mixed metabolic and respiratory umbilical cord blood acidemia with advancing gestational age

Wiberg

Källén

Olofsson

2006

Early Human Development

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Blood gases, pH, and lactate in appropriate- and small-for-gestational-age fetuses

Cited by 371 publications

References 14 publications

Long Term Consequences of Low Birthweight on Postnatal Growth, Adiposity and Brain Weight at Maturity in Sheep

Long Term Consequences of Low Birthweight on Postnatal Growth, Adiposity and Brain Weight at Maturity in Sheep

Relation between Fetal Blood Gas Levels and the Outcome of Babies in Severe Preeclampsia.

Physiological development of a mixed metabolic and respiratory umbilical cord blood acidemia with advancing gestational age

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