Blood gas analysis and cooximetry in retired racing Greyhounds

Zaldívar‐López, Sara; Chisnell, Hope K.; Couto, C. Guillermo; Westendorf-Stingle, Nicole; Marín, Liliana; Iazbik, M.C.; Cooper, Edward S.; Wellman, Maxey L.; Muir, William W.

doi:10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00607.x

Cited by 16 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…High HGB concentration and PCV in Greyhounds was suggested to be a compensatory change secondary to decreased oxygen delivery to the tissues (low P 50 ), as is seen in people with high‐affinity hemoglobinopathies . We recently conducted additional studies on high‐affinity HGB and its function in RRGs, using blood gas analysis with cooximetry and confirmed low P 50 and higher oxygen content and oxygen‐binding capacity of HGB in Greyhounds . In a different study, we found that HGB in Greyhounds has a few unique amino acid mutations that are relevant to the oxygen affinity properties, and alter the position of the globin chains .…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 80%

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Clinical pathology ofGreyhounds and other sighthounds

Zaldívar‐López

Marín

Iazbik

et al. 2011

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

109

153

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Owing to the development of Greyhounds as racing sighthounds, these dogs have acquired unique physiologic adaptations that distinguish them from other breeds. Reference intervals for many analytes in retired racing Greyhounds (RRGs) differ from those of other breeds; most of the hematologic differences have also been described in other sighthounds. In this review, we provide a survey of the literature on clinical pathology of Greyhounds and other sighthounds and results of laboratory testing, including analysis of CBCs, biochemical profiles, coagulation tests, and blood gases, in RRGs at The Ohio State University. Major clinicopathologic differences in this breed include higher RBC mass, creatinine concentration, glomerular filtration rate, activities of hepatic enzymes, and concentration of cardiac troponin, as well as lower WBC, neutrophil, and platelet counts, thromboelastographic values, and concentrations of serum haptoglobin, total globulins, and T4.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Tracings were obtained after 120–180 minutes of running time at 37°C (Table ). References intervals for blood gases are reported from our previous study (Table ) …”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical pathology ofGreyhounds and other sighthounds

Zaldívar‐López

Marín

Iazbik

et al. 2011

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

109

153

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“…These differences include lower WBC, neutrophil (NEU), and platelet (PLT) counts; higher HCT, HGB concentration, and RBC counts; and an atypical eosinophil (EOS) morphology . Retired racing Greyhounds also have high‐affinity HGB . On the other hand, there are significant increases in HCT, total plasma protein (TP) and HGB, as well as RBC, WBC, NEU, and lymphocyte (LYM) counts after exercise .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of racing on reticulocyte concentrations in Greyhounds

Horvath

Couto

Yant

et al. 2014

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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Background Greyhounds have several hematologic variables that are outside of the respective reference intervals of other dog breeds. In addition, increases in HCT, total protein and HGB concentration, and RBC and WBC counts occur immediately after exercise; these values return to resting values within a few hour after racing. Objective This study evaluated the effects of exercise on the concentration of reticulocytes in circulating blood in racing Greyhounds. We hypothesized that reticulocyte numbers are significantly increased immediately after a race, and return to baseline within one to 2 h postrace. Methods Fifty actively racing Greyhounds at the Wheeling Island Racetrack and Casino were included in the study. Samples were collected by jugular venipuncture one day prior to racing at the kennel (resting), immediately after racing, and one to 2 h after the race (recovery). Reticulocyte counts were determined with an IDEXX ProCyte Dx Hematology Analyzer (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME, USA). Due to a nonparametric distribution, the results were statistically compared using the Friedman test. Results Reticulocyte concentrations were significantly different among the 3 sample collection times (P < .0001). There was a significant increase in reticulocyte concentration immediately after racing (P < .001); one to 2 h after racing, the reticulocyte numbers decreased significantly (P < .001) to counts comparable to resting samples. Conclusion The increase in reticulocyte concentration is probably related to splenic contraction secondary to the release of catecholamines, although premature bone marrow release could also account for these changes. Thus, it is important to consider a Greyhound's activity and degree of excitement when interpreting selected hematologic data in a clinical setting.

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“…For the present study, the coefficient of variation of measurement for P O 2 was 1.6% and 2.2% for CO 2 . For each sample, O 2 saturation was calculated based on P O 2 , P CO 2 , pH and rectal temperature (Kelman, 1966(Kelman, , 1967(Kelman, , 1968 and an assumed partial pressure of O 2 at 50% saturation of haemoglobin of 30 mmHg, as has been reported previously for canine blood (Cambier et al 2004;Zaldivar-Lopez et al 2011).…”

Section: Blood Gas Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The arterial blood gas analyser (ABL80 FLEX; Radiometer), being configured for the human haemoglobin spectrum, did not allow for co-oximetry of canine blood for direct O 2 saturation measurement. As such, O 2 saturation was calculated based on P O 2 , P CO 2 , pH, temperature (Kelman, 1966(Kelman, , 1967(Kelman, , 1968 and an assumed P 50 (partial pressure of oxygen at 50% saturation) of haemoglobin of 30 mmHg (Cambier et al 2004;Zaldivar-Lopez et al 2011). It is doubtful that the difference in proximal vs. distal pulmonary artery O 2 saturation can be explained by inaccuracies of its determination because the same P 50 was used for estimating saturation from all blood samples and thus they should all be affected similarly by any uncertainty.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precapillary pulmonary gas exchange is similar for oxygen and inert gases

Stickland

Tedjasaputra

Fuhr

et al. 2019

The Journal of Physiology

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Key points Precapillary gas exchange for oxygen has been documented in both humans and animals. It has been suggested that, if precapillary gas exchange occurs to a greater extent for inert gases than for oxygen, shunt and its effects on arterial oxygenation may be underestimated by the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET). We evaluated fractional precapillary gas exchange in canines for O2 and two inert gases, sulphur hexafluoride and ethane, by measuring these gases in the proximal pulmonary artery, distal pulmonary artery (1 cm proximal to the wedge position) and systemic artery. Some 12–19% of pulmonary gas exchange occurred within small (1.7 mm in diameter or larger) pulmonary arteries and this was quantitatively similar for oxygen, sulphur hexafluoride and ethane. Under these experimental conditions, this suggests only minor effects of precapillary gas exchange on the magnitude of calculated shunt and the associated effect on pulmonary gas exchange estimated by MIGET. Abstract Some pulmonary gas exchange is known to occur proximal to the pulmonary capillary, although the magnitude of this gas exchange is uncertain, and it is unclear whether oxygen and inert gases are similarly affected. This has implications for measuring shunt and associated gas exchange consequences. By measuring respiratory and inert gas levels in the proximal pulmonary artery (P), a distal pulmonary artery 1 cm proximal to the wedge position (using a 5‐F catheter) (D) and a systemic artery (A), we evaluated precapillary gas exchange in 27 paired samples from seven anaesthetized, ventilated canines. Fractional precapillary gas exchange (F) was quantified for each gas as F = (P – D)/(P – A). The lowest solubility inert gases, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and ethane were used because, with higher solubility gases, the P–A difference is sufficiently small that experimental error prevents accurate assessment of F. Distal samples (n = 12) with oxygen (O2) saturation values that were (within experimental error) equal to or above systemic arterial values, suggestive of retrograde capillary blood aspiration, were discarded, leaving 15 for analysis. D was significantly lower than P for SF6 (D/P = 88.6 ± 18.1%; P = 0.03) and ethane (D/P = 90.6 ± 16.0%; P = 0.04), indicating partial excretion of inert gas across small pulmonary arteries. Distal pulmonary arterial O2 saturation was significantly higher than proximal (74.1 ± 6.8% vs. 69.0 ± 4.9%; P = 0.03). Fractional precapillary gas exchange was similar for SF6, ethane and O2 (0.12 ± 0.19, 0.12 ± 0.20 and 0.19 ± 0.26, respectively; P = 0.54). Under these experimental conditions, 12–19% of pulmonary gas exchange occurs within the small pulmonary arteries and the extent is similar between oxygen and inert gases.

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Blood gas analysis and cooximetry in retired racing Greyhounds

Cited by 16 publications

References 26 publications

Clinical pathology ofGreyhounds and other sighthounds

Clinical pathology ofGreyhounds and other sighthounds

Effects of racing on reticulocyte concentrations in Greyhounds

Precapillary pulmonary gas exchange is similar for oxygen and inert gases

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