Blood flow in the carotid and vertebral arteries of the sheep and calf

Baldwin, B.A.; Bell, F. R.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1963.sp007161

Cited by 68 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…When, however, the vertebrals as well as the carotids are occluded in the ox then, as in the sheep, cerebral anoxia develops and becomes manifest as a considerable rise in systemic pressure. The rise in systemic pressure is, however, usually less in the ox than in the sheep and is more marked in some individuals than others, so that reaction of any individual animal probably depends upon the degree of efficiency of the central spinal artery in the ox in allowing blood to pass to the posterior brain stem (Baldwin & Bell, 1963b).…”

Section: Cephalic Blood Pressure In Ruminants Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This manoeuvre is without effect on the pressure of the contralateral lingual artery. During these procedures, however, the blood flow in the contralateral carotid and in both vertebral arteries would show considerable increase, sufficient in fact to prevent any marked reduction in the cephalic pressure or rise in the level of the systemic pressure (see Baldwin & Bell, 1963b).…”

Section: Cephalic Blood Pressure In Ruminants Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experimental and surgical procedures used on the twelve sheep and nine calves of these experiments were the same as those described in the preceding paper (Baldwin & Bell, 1963b).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect on blood pressure in the sheep and calf of clamping some of the arteries contributing to the cephalic circulation

Baldwin¹,

Bell²

1963

The Journal of Physiology

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In other studies utilizing a number of different techniques we have reported on the distribution of blood to the brain of the ox and sheep and concluded that cephalic blood flow in these species is controlled by physical haemodynamic equilibrium mechanisms (Baldwin, 1960; Baldwin & Bell, 1963 a, b). The work described here gives an account of the pressure changes which occur in the cranial circulation of the ox and sheep during disruption of blood flow to this area when occlusion of various combinations of the carotid, vertebral and occipital arteries is effected.Previous investigations reporting on pressure variations occurring in the cephalic vessels after clamping the common carotid arteries have usually been incidental to reflex responses following alteration of pressure within the carotid sinus (see Heymans & Neil, 1958). METHODSThe experimental and surgical procedures used on the twelve sheep and nine calves of these experiments were the same as those described in the preceding paper (Baldwin & Bell, 1963b).Cephalic blood pressure was measured bilaterally by cannulation of the proximal ends of the divided lingual arteries, and systemic blood pressure was recorded from the femoral artery. Mercury manometers were used, with 5 % sodium citrate as an anticoagulant in the manometer systems throughout the experiments. Respiration was recorded by a pneumograph and tambour. RESULTSThe sheep Effect of clamping one common carotid artery. Occlusion of one common carotid in the mid-cervical region produced an average fall of 31 % (range 22-40 %) in the pressure of the homolateral lingual artery. The fall * Present address:

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Section: Cephalic Blood Pressure In Ruminants Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cephalic Blood Pressure In Ruminants Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect on blood pressure in the sheep and calf of clamping some of the arteries contributing to the cephalic circulation

Baldwin¹,

Bell²

1963

The Journal of Physiology

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“…They pr oved on latex colored vessels, connections between A. vertebralis and A. occipitalis, so-called anastomosis occipito-vertebralis. An interesting fact is that these connections are double in sheep, differing with a single one in the rest of the species [28][29][30][31]. These anastomoses are designated by Ellenberger and Baum as connecting branches from the lateral fi nal branch of the A. vertebralis [25].…”

Section: Sheep Brain Vascular Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most cases these are connected to the A. condylaris [25]. Baldwin and May studied the brain arterial supply in sheep too [28][29][30][31]. They pr oved on latex colored vessels, connections between A. vertebralis and A. occipitalis, so-called anastomosis occipito-vertebralis.…”

Section: Sheep Brain Vascular Supplymentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Ligation in Sheep. Could These Animals be Used as Human Models for Vascular and Cerebral Research?

2017

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Experimental animals are still used in today's medicine to understand better physiological or pathological processes, or to develop, for example better vascular prostheses. For that reason, these animals must show some similarities with humans, from the anatomical to the physiological point of view.When developing vascular prostheses, we have to evaluate if the graft will react in the expected way and if during experimental research there will be some factors that might infl uence the proper functioning of vascular prostheses in the human body.We observed the consequences of bilateral common carotid artery ligation (BCCAL) or Sham operation in seventeen healthy Merinolandschaf / Württemberg sheep, aged between 2 and 4 years, after testing new types of carbon-coated ARTECOR® and ADIPOGRAFT Ra 1vk 7/350 vascular prostheses. After the follow-up period the prostheses were extirpated, so the blood supply was provided from the vertebral arteries.Sheep in both groups were not sacrifi ced, but were observed for 18 months. After the observation period all sheep showed no physical or neurological changes and all are still alive. Animal responses to BCCAL are different, depending on the animal species, age, and condition. In sheep, bilateral blocking of the blood fl ow in the carotid bed seems to be conceivable since the brain was suffi ciently supplied with blood from the vertebral arteries.

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Contribution of the vertebral artery to cerebral circulation in the rat snakeElaphe obsoleta

1998

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Blood supplying the brain in vertebrates is carried primarily by the carotid vasculature. In most mammals, cerebral blood flow is supplemented by the vertebral arteries, which anastomose with the carotids at the base of the brain. In other tetrapods, cerebral blood is generally believed to be supplied exclusively by the carotid vasculature, and the vertebral arteries are usually described as disappearing into the dorsal musculature between the heart and head. There have been several reports of a vertebral artery connection with the cephalic vasculature in snakes. We measured regional blood flows using fluorescently labeled microspheres and demonstrated that the vertebral artery contributes a small but significant fraction of cerebral blood flow (∼13% of total) in the rat snake Elaphe obsoleta. Vascular casts of the anterior vessels revealed that the vertebral artery connection is indirect, through multiple anastomoses with the inferior spinal artery, which connects with the carotid vasculature near the base of the skull. Using digital subtraction angiography, fluoroscopy, and direct observations of flow in isolated vessels, we confirmed that blood in the inferior spinal artery flows craniad from a point anterior to the vertebral artery connections. Such collateral blood supply could potentially contribute to the maintenance of cerebral circulation during circumstances when craniad blood flow is compromised, e.g., during the gravitational stress of climbing. J. Morphol. 238:39–51, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Blood flow in the carotid and vertebral arteries of the sheep and calf

Cited by 68 publications

References 5 publications

The effect on blood pressure in the sheep and calf of clamping some of the arteries contributing to the cephalic circulation

The effect on blood pressure in the sheep and calf of clamping some of the arteries contributing to the cephalic circulation

Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Ligation in Sheep. Could These Animals be Used as Human Models for Vascular and Cerebral Research?

Contribution of the vertebral artery to cerebral circulation in the rat snakeElaphe obsoleta

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