Blood Flow in Snake Infrared Organs: Response‐Induced Changes in Individual Vessels

Goris, Richard C.; Atobe, Yoshitoshi; Nakano, Masato; Funakoshi, Kengo; Terada, Koki

doi:10.1080/10739680601131184

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…The extensive vascularization of the papillae, which is necessary for energy and oxygen demands and rapid heat exchange in the IR-receptive pit membrane [10], [11], is also consistent with the latter hypothesis. However, IR reception in the pit membrane occurs in the IR-sensitive TNMs [2], which are absent in the papillae.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Discovery of a Novel Accessory Structure of the Pitviper Infrared Receptor Organ (Serpentes: Viperidae)

et al. 2014

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The facial pits of rattlesnakes, copperheads, lanceheads, bushmasters and other American and Asian pitvipers (Crotalinae) are highly innervated and densely vascularized infrared (IR) receptor organs. For over a century, studies have focused on a small sample of model species from North America and Asia. Based on an expanded survey of Central and South American crotalines, we report a conspicuous accessory structure composed of well-defined papillae that project from the anterior orbital adnexa. The papillae are continuous with the inner chamber of the IR receptor organ and our histological and ultrastructural data suggest that they possess a well-developed nervous network and extensive vascularization; however, they lack the characteristic IR-sensitive terminal nerve masses found in the IR-receptive pit membrane. The function of the IR receptor organ papillae is unknown.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Discovery of a Novel Accessory Structure of the Pitviper Infrared Receptor Organ (Serpentes: Viperidae)

et al. 2014

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“…As a new stimulus is conveyed to the membrane, this heat exchange process allows the receptor to return to its resting state after activation from a thermal stimulus, preventing the formation of "afterimages" … [this indirectly] supports the notion that a cool pit organ could also be important to maintain the high sensitivity of the heat receptors…' (Amemiya et al, 1999;Goris et al, 2007Goris et al, , 2000.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…The need for energy to drive these high ion currents may account for the spectacular concentration of mitochondria in pit membrane sensory endings (Bleichmar and De Robertis, 1962;Meszler and Gennaro, 1970;Zischka et al, 2003). The efficient functioning of these mitochondria requires abundant, efficient and precise delivery of oxygen and glucose to where it is needed, reflected in the dense vascularization and local control of blood flow in the pit membrane reported by Goris et al (2007). This would be similar to the vascular physiology of other neural tissue, which controls perfusion locally to meet metabolic demand (Itoh and Suzuki, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, several lines of evidence indicate that abundant blood supply to the facial pit membrane is a thermal liability rather than a benefit. An alternative function suggested by Goris et al (2007) is to supply oxygen and glucose to the sensory endings. This appears likely, as Kang (2016) has demonstrated that very high TRPA1 ion currents maximize the Q 10 response to small temperature changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cooler snakes respond more strongly to infrared stimuli, but we have no idea why

Bakken

Schraft

Cattell

et al. 2018

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The pit organ defining pit vipers (Crotalinae) contains a membrane covered with temperature receptors that detect thermal radiation from environmental surfaces. Temperature is both the environmental parameter being sensed and the mechanism by which the pit membrane detects the signal. As snakes are ectotherms, temperature also has a strong influence on neurological and locomotor responses to the signal. This study of Pacific rattlesnakes () systematically examined the effect of body, target and background temperatures on response to a moving target. We presented each snake with a moving pendulum bob regulated at a series of six temperatures against a uniform background regulated at one of three temperatures. Snake body temperatures varied from 18 to 36°C. As expected, we found stronger responses to positive contrasts (target warmer than background) than to negative contrasts, and stronger responses to greater contrasts. However, the effect of body temperature was contrary to expectations based on studies of the TRPA1 ion channel (believed to be the molecular basis for pit membrane temperature receptors) and typical thermal reaction norms for neural and motor performance. These predict (1) no response below the threshold where the TRPA1 channel opens, (2) response increasing as temperature increases, peaking near preferred body temperature, and (3) declining thereafter. Remarkably, this behavioral response decreased as body temperature increased from 18 to 36°C, with no threshold or peak in this range. We review various possible physiological mechanisms related to body temperature proposed in the literature, but find none that can satisfactorily explain this result.

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“…Portanto, se temos um aumento de temperatura de 'algo' no ambiente, os receptores exibem um aumento na frequência da resposta neuronal, e consequentemente, uma diminuição na temperatura de um objeto no ambiente, diminui a frequência da resposta neuronal. (1,4,6) Figura 12 -Imagem de uma câmera térmica de uma cobra comendo um rato (36).…”

Section: O "Papel" Do Background Na Percepção Da Radiação Infravermelhaunclassified

Desenvolvimento de estímulos dinâmicos térmicos para análise do sistema sensorial infravermelho em serpentes

Batista¹,

Slaets²

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The present work describe a creation of an experimental environment capable of measuring the neural response of vision (thermal) -in snakes -when stimulated by infrared radiation.There will be a creation of artificial dynamic stimuli of which the temperature and displacement velocity can be controlled. The response of the snake, when presented to these stimuli, captured directly from the brain (tecto optic), which corresponds to visual and infrared process in the central nervous system of the rattlesnake. We showed that with these stimuli created, it is possible to obtain experimental data which will allow analysis of sensitivity of the infrared sensory system in relation to contrast in temperature and speed of movement of false prey.

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Blood Flow in Snake Infrared Organs: Response‐Induced Changes in Individual Vessels

Cited by 8 publications

References 41 publications

Discovery of a Novel Accessory Structure of the Pitviper Infrared Receptor Organ (Serpentes: Viperidae)

Discovery of a Novel Accessory Structure of the Pitviper Infrared Receptor Organ (Serpentes: Viperidae)

Cooler snakes respond more strongly to infrared stimuli, but we have no idea why

Desenvolvimento de estímulos dinâmicos térmicos para análise do sistema sensorial infravermelho em serpentes

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