Blood Erythrocyte Concentrations of Cadmium and Lead and the Risk of B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma: A Nested Case-Control Study

Abstract

BackgroundCadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are hypothesised to be risk factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), a group of haematological malignancies with a suspected environmental aetiology. Within the EnviroGenoMarkers study we utilised pre-diagnostic erythrocyte concentrations of Cd and Pb to determine whether exposure was associated with risk of B-cell NHL and multiple myeloma.Methods194 incident cases of B-cell NHL and 76 cases of multiple myeloma diagnosed between 1990 and 2006 were identified from two existing cohorts; EPIC-Italy and the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study. Cases were matched to healthy controls by centre, age, gender and date of blood collection. Cd and Pb were measured in blood samples provided at recruitment using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Logistic regression was applied to assess the association with risk. Analyses were stratified by cohort and gender and by subtype where possible.ResultsThere was little evidence of an increased risk of B-cell NHL or multiple myeloma with exposure to Cd (B-cell NHL: OR 1.09 95%CI 0.61, 1.93, MM: OR 1.16 95% CI: 0.40, 3.40 ) or Pb (B-cell NHL: 0.93 95% CI 0.43, 2.02, multiple myeloma: OR 1.63 95%CI 0.45, 5.94) in the total population when comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of exposure. However, gender and cohort specific differences in results were observed. In females the risk of B-cell NHL was more than doubled in those with a body burden of Cd >1µg/L (OR 2.20 95%CI; 1.04, 4.65). ConclusionsThis nested case-control study does not support a consistent positive association between Cd or Pb and NHL, but there is some indication of a gender specific effect suggesting further research is warranted.

Blood levels of cadmium and lead in relation to breast cancer risk in three prospective cohorts

“…27,36 Generally, blood lead levels reflect recent exposure, 35 but can be reflective of past exposures due to mobilization of lead from bones back into blood. 26 Cadmium and lead levels were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 37 at RTI International for the CPS-II samples and at Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden for the EPIC-Italy and NSHDS samples. The limit of detection, calculated as three times the standard deviation of a blank, was 0.03 μg/L for cadmium and 0.15 μg/L for lead in CPS-II samples, and 0.03 μg/L for cadmium and 0.09 μg/L for lead in EPIC-Italy and NSHDS samples.…”

Prediagnostic plasma concentrations of organochlorines and risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in envirogenomarkers: a nested case-control study

“…The EnviroGenoMarkers project [ 10 ] is a nested case-control study within two cohorts with prospectively collected blood samples. The study aimed at the development and application of a new generation of biomarkers to aid the study of the role of environmental agents in disease.…”

Effect of dietary supplement from mono‐culture fermentation of Moringa oleifera seeds by Rhizopus stolonifer on hematology and markers linked to hypercholesterolemia in rat model

“…This therefore suggests that mono‐culture fermentation by R. stolonifer is one of the basic techniques to attenuate the levels of anti‐nutrients and some excess macro‐/micro‐nutrients in MO seeds. It was previously shown that Cd could cause severe damage to erythrocytes and immune cells in man (Rachel, Thomas, Miquel, Ingvar, & Domenico, 2013). Cd 2+ metabolite in the blood of occupationally exposed workers was also connected to erythrocyte cancer and lymphocyte impairment (Amati et al., 2008).…”