Blood culture and stimulation conditions for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cervids by the Cervigam assay

Waters, W. Ray; Palmer, Mitchell V.; Thacker, Tyler C.; Orloski, Kathy A.; Nol, Pauline; Harrington, Noel P.; Olsen, Steven C.; Nonnecke, Brian J.

doi:10.1136/vr.162.7.203

Cited by 26 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…In vitro assays of cellmediated immunity, such as the gamma interferon enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have shown promise in this regard for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis infection of humans (6) and cattle (36), respectively. They remain, however, complex tests that require processing of the blood sample within 24 h, are subject to complications associated with overnight delivery (e.g., temperature fluctuations and delays) (46), and involve an antigen stimulation step necessitating at least one working day to complete the test. Serological assays, in contrast, are rapid, inexpensive, easy to perform, and not subject to the sampling and processing variables of cellular assays, making them well suited to field sampling.…”

Section: Comparison Of Single-antigen (Fluorescence Polarization Assamentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Responses of Cervids (Cervus elaphus) following ExperimentalMycobacterium bovisInfection and the Implications for Immunodiagnosis

Harrington

Surujballi

Prescott

et al. 2008

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Captive and free-ranging wildlife animals are implicated in the maintenance and transmission of bovine tuberculosis and therefore pose a significant obstacle to eradication of the disease from domestic livestock. The current antemortem diagnostic method, the intradermal tuberculin skin test, is impractical for routine use with many wild animals. Antibody-based assays are particularly attractive because the animals are handled only once and immediate processing of the sample is not required. This report characterizes the antibody responses of red deer-elk hybrids (Cervus elaphus) against Mycobacterium bovis and subsequently evaluates the diagnostic performance of select antigens in a rapid-test format. Sequential serum samples were collected from 10 animals experimentally infected with M. bovis and 5 noninfected animals over a 7-month period postinfection (p.i.). Samples were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunoblot analyses, and multiantigen print immunoassays for seroreactivity to mycobacterial antigens. Although all infected animals produced antibodies to M. bovis protein antigens, there was significant animal-to-animal variation in the kinetics and magnitudes of responses and the antigens recognized. The most frequently recognized antigens included MPB83, ESAT-6, CFP10, and MPB70. Responses to some antigens, such as MPB83, were consistently detected as early as 4 weeks after inoculation, whereas other antigens were detected only much later (>140 days p.i.). Antibody responses were boosted by injection of tuberculin for intradermal tuberculin skin testing. Comparison of single-antigen (fluorescence polarization assay) with multiantigen (CervidTB STAT-PAK) rapid tests demonstrated that a highly sensitive and specific serodiagnostic test for tuberculosis in cervids will require multiple and carefully selected seroreactive antigens covering a broad spectrum of antibody specificities.Mycobacterium bovis, the etiological agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB), has an extraordinarily broad mammalian host range that includes humans, domestic livestock, and wildlife. Globally, several wildlife species have been implicated in the maintenance and transmission of M. bovis. In North America, these include white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in northeastern Michigan (37), elk (Cervus elaphus) in and around Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba, Canada (31), and wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) in and around Wood Buffalo National Park, Alberta, Canada, and the Northwest Territories (31). The continued transmission of M. bovis from free-ranging wildlife reservoirs to domestic livestock results in significant economic losses and is a significant barrier to the success of national eradication and control programs (5). Similarly, TB agent-infected captive wildlife maintained in farms or animal parks (e.g., zoos or game farms) may also serve as foci of infection for domestic animals, free-ranging wildlife, and humans (7, 42). The existing methods for diagnosing bovine TB that rely on cell-mediated immun...

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Section: Comparison Of Single-antigen (Fluorescence Polarization Assamentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Responses of Cervids (Cervus elaphus) following ExperimentalMycobacterium bovisInfection and the Implications for Immunodiagnosis

Harrington

Surujballi

Prescott

et al. 2008

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…As an easy-to-use test which can be performed in the field with only a small volume of blood, serum, or plasma, the CervidTB STAT-PAK is potentially a valuable alternative to mycobacterial culture and cell-based assays currently available for use in cervids (23). This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the CervidTB STAT-PAK on serum from deer against the culture of M. bovis from deer tissues obtained during DEFRA's survey of tuberculosis in deer in southwestern England and the Cotswolds and a similar survey of deer in Wales.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the CervidTB STAT-PAK for the Detection of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Wild Deer in Great Britain

Gowtage-Sequeira¹,

Paterson²,

Lyashchenko

et al. 2009

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Deer are acknowledged as hosts of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), and determining the prevalence of infection in deer species is one of the key steps in understanding the epidemiological role played by cervids in the transmission and maintenance of bTB in the United Kingdom. This study evaluated a rapid lateral-flow test for the detection of bTB in samples from wild deer species in the United Kingdom. Fallow deer (Dama dama), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and red deer (Cervus elaphus) from areas in Wales, the Cotswolds, and southwestern England were necropsied for a bTB survey. Serum samples from individual deer were tested with the CervidTB STAT-PAK, and the results were evaluated against the culture of M. bovis from tissues (n ‫؍‬ 432). Sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 42.1 to 99.6%) and 94.8% (95% CI, 92.3 to 96.7%), respectively, with an odds ratio of 109.9 (95% CI, 12.7 to 953.6%) for a positive STAT-PAK result among culture-positive deer. The low prevalence of infection (3.8%, n ‫؍‬ 860) affected the confidence of the sensitivity estimate of the test, but all culture-positive fallow deer (n ‫؍‬ 6) were detected by the test. In addition, antibodies to M. bovis could be detected in poor-quality serum samples. The results suggest that the CervidTB STAT-PAK could be deployed as a field test for further evaluation.In the United Kingdom, the involvement of wildlife species in the disease dynamics of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) has fueled research into their potential role in the maintenance and transmission of the disease. Badgers (Meles meles) are thought to be the main wildlife reservoir of bTB, but the presence of Mycobacterium bovis in United Kingdom deer species (1, 4) and the risk of spillover posed by deer in other countries (7,18) have driven the need to evaluate the risk posed to cattle by the spillover of M. bovis from cervids in the United Kingdom.A semiquantitative risk assessment indicated that fallow deer (Dama dama dama) in particular posed a relatively high, though localized, risk of transmission to cattle in areas with a high incidence of bTB (5). However, model predictions were constrained by the lack of adequate data on the abundance and distribution of the six United Kingdom deer species and the prevalence and distribution of M. bovis infection in these species. To address this issue, the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) commissioned additional surveys of M. bovis in deer (6).Obtaining statistically robust prevalence estimates from large wildlife populations poses a number of challenges, particularly when the prevalence of infection is low. In New Zealand, for example, control policies aimed at both domestic (cattle and deer) and wildlife (possums) species have reduced the herd prevalence of bTB in cattle and deer from 2.4% in 1993 to 0.35% in 2004 (21), but the assays used for whole-herd diagnostic testing include an antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a lymphocyte transformat...

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“…However, handling of wild boar is dangerous, which compromises such inteventions. In deer, there are more data available and several immunological assays, including an assay to detect IFN-, have been reported for pre-slaughter detection of M. bovis infection in live animals (Lyashchenko et al, 2008;Waters et al, 2008;Buddle et al, 2010;Jaroso et al, 2010b;Queiros et al, 2012). A fuller assessment of many assays is required, but control programmes are in place that are supported by application of the single or comparative skin test, although false responses due to sensitisation to other mycobacteria may occur, hampering diagnostic specificity (Queiros et al, 2012).…”

Section: Risk and Risk-reducing Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of farmed game

et al. 2013

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In this report, harmonised epidemiological indicators are proposed for foodborne biological hazards to public health that are related to farmed game and meat thereof and that can be addressed within meat inspection. These hazards include Salmonella, Toxoplasma, Trichinella and Mycobacterium in farmed wild boar and deer. An epidemiological indicator is defined as the prevalence or concentration of the hazard at a certain stage of the food chain or an indirect measure of the hazard that correlates to the human health risk caused by the hazard. The indicators can be used by the European Commission and Member States to consider when adaptations in meat inspection methods may be relevant and to carry out risk analysis to support such decisions. It is foreseen that the indicators will be used in the revised meat inspection system for farmed game meat outlined in the European Food Safety Authority scientific opinion, particularly to help categorise slaughter batches, animals and slaughterhouses according to the risk related to the hazards and process hygiene or to enable surveillance for the possible emergence of the hazard. Depending on the purpose and the epidemiological situation, risk managers should decide on the most appropriate indicator(s) to use, either alone or in combination, at national, regional, slaughterhouse or farm/herd level. Member States are invited to report data generated by the implementation of the indicators in accordance with Directive 2003/99/EC. The proposed indicators should be regularly reviewed in light of new information and the data generated by their implementation.

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Blood culture and stimulation conditions for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cervids by the Cervigam assay

Cited by 26 publications

References 26 publications

Antibody Responses of Cervids (Cervus elaphus) following ExperimentalMycobacterium bovisInfection and the Implications for Immunodiagnosis

Antibody Responses of Cervids (Cervus elaphus) following ExperimentalMycobacterium bovisInfection and the Implications for Immunodiagnosis

Evaluation of the CervidTB STAT-PAK for the Detection of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Wild Deer in Great Britain

Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of farmed game

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