Blood Clot Simulation Model by Using the Bond‐Graph Technique

Abstract

The World Health Organization estimates that 17 million people die of cardiovascular disease, particularly heart attacks and strokes, every year. Most strokes are caused by a blood clot that occludes an artery in the cerebral circulation and the process concerning the removal of this obstruction involves catheterisation. The fundamental object of the presented study consists in determining and optimizing the necessary simulation model corresponding with the blood clot zone to be implemented jointly with other Mechanical Thrombectomy Device simulation models, which have become more widely used during the last decade. To do so, a multidomain technique is used to better explain the different aspects of the attachment to the artery wall and between the existing platelets, it being possible to obtain the mathematical equations that define the full model. For a better understanding, a consecutive approximation to the definitive model will be presented, analyzing the different problems found during the study. The final presented model considers an elastic characterization of the blood clot composition and the possibility of obtaining a consecutive detachment process from the artery wall. In conclusion, the presented model contains the necessary behaviour laws to be implemented in future blood clot simulation models.

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“…In addition to providing computational ef iciency, this elastic coef icient was chosen because it yields an adhesion force on the order of 10 2 pN, assuming a displacement n  on the order of 10 nm. This adhesion force value falls within the range of in vitro estimates that are on the order of 10 0 to 10 4 pN [49][50][51], and the value is within one order of magnitude of that (32 pN) used by another computational model related to thrombectomy [52].…”

Presence of anti-Toxocara canis antibodies and risk factors in children from the Amecameca and Chalco regions of México

“…The results of the current study showed that the potential risk factors of keeping dogs (Chi 2  = 3.24, p  = 0.07) and sleeping with dogs (Chi 2  = 3.46, p  = 0.06) showed a tendency toward seropositivity for T. canis but this was not a significant association. Another study of seroprevalence in children in México [14] found that frequent contact with pets was not associated with the presence of toxocariasis (Chi 2  = 0.80, p  = 0.37). A study in Argentina, however, found that contact with animals was an important risk factor for T. canis exposure in children (OR = 5.02, p  = 0.001) [22].…”

“…Furthermore, seroprevalence studies in children reported rates of 22.22 % in México [14] compared with 86.75 % in Taiwan in 2014 [15]. To investigate the public health threat caused by toxocariasis in more detail in México, in this study, circulating anti- T. canis antibodies and risk factors for T. canis were investigated in a semirural population in the State of México.…”

Three‐Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Aspiration Process: Evaluation of Two Penumbra Aspiration Catheters Performance

“…The multiphase model was adapted to model thrombus in an occluded branch of CoW. An alternative strategy, called Bond‐Graph, was suggested by Romero et al . In this model, lumped parameters were implemented to simulate both nonlinear properties of the blood clot and the friction force between clot and walls.…”

“…In this model, lumped parameters were implemented to simulate both nonlinear properties of the blood clot and the friction force between clot and walls. The Bond‐Graph model was utilized to assess the ratio of clot extraction by “GP” Thrombus Aspiration Device (GPTAD) and self‐expandable stent retriever . The fundamental issue which researchers encounter to simulate aspiration procedure is to represent a reliable constitutive theory for thrombus by considering interactions between thrombus and blood flow.…”