Blood chromium levels of children working in gem-polishing industries in India

Tiwari, Rajnarayan R; Saha, Ashis Kumar; Sathwara, NG; Parikh, J. R.

doi:10.1177/0748233711409483

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Among the preschool children from Guiyu, blood Cd levels exceed the reference value of 0.5 lg/L in 63% of children (Wilhelm et al 2006). Approximately, 96% of the children in the exposed group had a blood Cr [ 5 lg/L (the normal safety range of blood Cr is 1-3 lg/L) (Tiwari et al 2012). Blood Mn had the highest standard exceeding ratio of 99% ([ 15 lg/L) among the four kinds of blood heavy metals in the exposed group (the normal safety range of blood Mn is 4-15 lg/L) (Batterman et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metal exposure has adverse effects on the growth and development of preschool children

Zeng

Qin

et al. 2018

Environ Geochem Health

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn) in the PM and blood and physical growth, and development parameters including birth length and weight, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), head circumference, and chest circumference in preschool children from Guiyu (e-waste exposure area) and Haojiang (the reference area). A total of 470 preschool children from Guiyu and Haojiang located in southeast coast of China were recruited and required to undergo physical examination and blood tests during the study period. Birth length and weight were obtained by birth records and questionnaire. Pb and Cd in both PM and blood were significantly higher in Guiyu than Haojiang. Remarkably, the children of Guiyu had significantly lower birth weight and length, BMI, and chest circumference when compare to their peers from the reference area (all p value < 0.05). Spearman correlation analyses showed that blood Pb was negatively correlated with height (r = -0.130, p < 0.001), weight (r = -0.169, p < 0.001), BMI (r = -0.100, p < 0.05), head circumference (r = -0.095, p < 0.05), and chest circumference (r = -0.112, p < 0.05). After adjustment for the potential confounders in further linear regression analyses, blood Pb was negatively associated with height (β = -0.066, p < 0.05), weight (β = -0.119, p < 0.001), head circumference (β = -0.123, p < 0.01), and chest circumference (β = -0.104, p < 0.05), respectively. No significant association between blood Cd, Cr, or Mn was found with any of our developmental outcomes. Taken together, lead exposure limits or delays the growth and development of preschool children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metal exposure has adverse effects on the growth and development of preschool children

Zeng

Qin

et al. 2018

Environ Geochem Health

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“…Importantly, in a high quality paper, urinary chromium concentrations were 35 times higher in working children and largely in excess of the occupational BEI for adult workers [75]. Conversely, one low quality paper reported no significant difference for blood chromium levels between gem industry workers and non-workers [16]. Numerous limitations were found for this study methodology however, including a poor sampling process, small sample size, and insufficient reporting of methods.…”

Section: Metals and Health Outcomes (N = 13)mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Several studies stated that the working environment was below acceptable standards for ventilation, temperature, noise, water, and sanitation [16,[57][58][59]. No PPE, such as gloves, goggles, or face shields, was worn in many studies [57,60].…”

Section: Characteristics Of Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, toxic lead fumes are released in lead recycling workshops, where often in LMIC, batteries are broken down manually with an axe [13]. Children working on rubbish dumps are exposed to a cocktail of metals, including cadmium, copper, and arsenic [14], as well as POPs [15] and gem industry workers use chromium to polish stones [16]. Examples of specific work tasks involving chemicals in different industries can be found in Table 1.…”

Section: Introduction 1rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Health Impacts of Hazardous Chemical Exposures among Child Labourers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Scott

Pocock

2021

IJERPH

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Of 218 million working children worldwide, many are suspected to be exposed to hazardous chemicals. This review aims to synthesize reported evidence over the last two decades on chemical exposure and adverse health consequences in children labourers in low- and middle-income Countries (LMIC). Included studies investigated health outcomes related to chemical exposures among child labourers aged 5–18 in LMIC. Twenty-three papers were selected for review, focusing on pesticides (n = 5), solvents (n = 3), metals (n = 13) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (n = 2). Adverse health effects identified among child labourers included abnormal biomarkers, for example elevated blood and urine chemical concentrations, neurobehavioural deficits and neurological symptoms, mental health issues, oxidative stress and DNA damage, poor growth, asthma, and hypothyroidism. Workplace exposure to chemicals has pernicious health effects on child labourers. Large research gaps exist, in particular for long-term health impacts through chronic conditions and diseases with long latencies. A sizeable disease burden in later life is likely to be directly attributable to chemicals exposures. We urge national and international agencies concerned with child labour and occupational health, to prioritize research and interventions aiming to reduce noxious chemical exposures in workplaces where children are likely to be present.

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“…Studies suggested that Cr(VI) is absorbed by membrane sulfate transport channel and these Cr(VI) spontaneously react to ascorbate and glutathione (intercellular reductance) and finally combined with the DNA protein complex and disrupt the normal cellular functions (Silver et al 2001;Costa 2003;Xu et al 2004Xu et al , 2005Cheunga and Gua 2007;Nickens et al 2010). Studies also suggested that Cr(VI) is responsible for the cytotoxicity, including male and female reproductive toxicity (DART IC 2008;Tiwari et al 2012;Marouani et al 2015). Saxena et al (1990) revealed that Cr(VI) is a teratogen, which can bypass the placental barrier and negatively impact the fetal development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Human Health Risk Assessment of Chromium in Drinking Water: A Case Study of Sukinda Chromite Mine, Odisha, India

2016

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The present study aims to evaluate human health risk of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) via oral and dermal exposure of drinking water in groundwater samples of nearby Sukinda chromite mine. The risk assessment of each location was carried out using mathematical models as per IRIS guidelines and the input parameters were taken according to the Indian context. The concentrations of TCr and Cr(VI) were found in the range of 48.7-250.2 and 21.4-115.2 lg/l, respectively. In the maximum locations, TCr and Cr(VI) concentrations were found 2.3-6 times and 2.1-11.5 times higher, respectively, than the permissible limit as per standard statutory bodies. The total cumulative average cancer risk and non-cancer risk (Hazard Quotient) was found 2.04E-03 and 1.37 in male and 1.73E-03 and 1.16 in the female population, respectively, which indicated 'very high' cancer risk and 'medium' non-cancer risk as per USEPA guideline. Male population was found 1.2 times higher cancer and non-cancer risk than females, because of the higher water ingestion rate in male. The obtained health risk via dermal route was found 6 times lesser than the oral ingestion due to very less dermal exposure time (0.58 h/days). As a consequence, 'high' cancer risk also recorded in one of the locations where TCr concentration was within permissible limit which is because of the higher proportion of bioavailable Cr(VI). Sensitivity analysis of input parameters towards cancer and non-cancer risk revealed that Cr(VI) and Cr(III) concentrations were the main predominant parameters followed by exposure duration, body weight, average time, and dermal slope factor.

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Blood chromium levels of children working in gem-polishing industries in India

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Heavy metal exposure has adverse effects on the growth and development of preschool children

Heavy metal exposure has adverse effects on the growth and development of preschool children

The Health Impacts of Hazardous Chemical Exposures among Child Labourers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Human Health Risk Assessment of Chromium in Drinking Water: A Case Study of Sukinda Chromite Mine, Odisha, India

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