Blood–Brain Glucose Transfer

Gjedde, Albert

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7409-9_6

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 238 publications

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“…Mason et al [ 334 ] compare the results obtained in many studies performed prior to 1992 but with the surprising omission of reference to studies from Betz’s group. Also in 1992, Gjedde [ 335 ] reviewed results obtained for glucose transport in rat and man. Glucose transport into and within the brain has been analyzed and reviewed by Simpson et al [ 315 ], Barros et al [ 314 ] and, more recently, by Patching [ 336 ].…”

Section: Clearance Of Specific Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood–brain barrier

Hladky

Barrand

2018

Fluids Barriers CNS

165

156

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This review considers efflux of substances from brain parenchyma quantified as values of clearances (CL, stated in µL g−1 min−1). Total clearance of a substance is the sum of clearance values for all available routes including perivascular pathways and the blood–brain barrier. Perivascular efflux contributes to the clearance of all water-soluble substances. Substances leaving via the perivascular routes may enter cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or lymph. These routes are also involved in entry to the parenchyma from CSF. However, evidence demonstrating net fluid flow inwards along arteries and then outwards along veins (the glymphatic hypothesis) is still lacking. CLperivascular, that via perivascular routes, has been measured by following the fate of exogenously applied labelled tracer amounts of sucrose, inulin or serum albumin, which are not metabolized or eliminated across the blood–brain barrier. With these substances values of total CL ≅ 1 have been measured. Substances that are eliminated at least partly by other routes, i.e. across the blood–brain barrier, have higher total CL values. Substances crossing the blood–brain barrier may do so by passive, non-specific means with CLblood-brain barrier values ranging from < 0.01 for inulin to > 1000 for water and CO2. CLblood-brain barrier values for many small solutes are predictable from their oil/water partition and molecular weight. Transporters specific for glucose, lactate and many polar substrates facilitate efflux across the blood–brain barrier producing CLblood-brain barrier values > 50. The principal route for movement of Na+ and Cl− ions across the blood–brain barrier is probably paracellular through tight junctions between the brain endothelial cells producing CLblood-brain barrier values ~ 1. There are large fluxes of amino acids into and out of the brain across the blood–brain barrier but only small net fluxes have been observed suggesting substantial reuse of essential amino acids and α-ketoacids within the brain. Amyloid-β efflux, which is measurably faster than efflux of inulin, is primarily across the blood–brain barrier. Amyloid-β also leaves the brain parenchyma via perivascular efflux and this may be important as the route by which amyloid-β reaches arterial walls resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12987-018-0113-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Clearance Of Specific Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood–brain barrier

Hladky

Barrand

2018

Fluids Barriers CNS

165

156

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…At 5 mM serum glucose the rate of glucose uptake is 0.34 µmol/g/min (51, 132, 150, 206, 224). The rate of glucose consumption is 0.25 to 0.35 µmol/g per minute in rodent and human cortex under basal conditions (115, 150, 222, 240, 386, 588).…”

Section: Kinetics Of Glucose Distribution and Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Monosaccharide Transport Proteins in Carbohydrate Assimilation, Distribution, Metabolism, and Homeostasis

Cura

Carruthers

2012

Comprehensive Physiology

138

117

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The facilitated diffusion of glucose, galactose, fructose, urate, myoinositol, and dehydroascorbic acid in mammals is catalyzed by a family of 14 monosaccharide transport proteins called GLUTs. These transporters may be divided into three classes according to sequence similarity and function/substrate specificity. GLUT1 appears to be highly expressed in glycolytically active cells and has been coopted in vitamin C auxotrophs to maintain the redox state of the blood through transport of dehydroascorbate. Several GLUTs are definitive glucose/galactose transporters, GLUT2 and GLUT5 are physiologically important fructose transporters, GLUT9 appears to be a urate transporter while GLUT13 is a proton/myoinositol cotransporter. The physiologic substrates of some GLUTs remain to be established. The GLUTs are expressed in a tissue specific manner where affinity, specificity, and capacity for substrate transport are paramount for tissue function. Although great strides have been made in characterizing GLUT‐catalyzed monosaccharide transport and mapping GLUT membrane topography and determinants of substrate specificity, a unifying model for GLUT structure and function remains elusive. The GLUTs play a major role in carbohydrate homeostasis and the redistribution of sugar‐derived carbons among the various organ systems. This is accomplished through a multiplicity of GLUT‐dependent glucose sensing and effector mechanisms that regulate monosaccharide ingestion, absorption, distribution, cellular transport and metabolism, and recovery/retention. Glucose transport and metabolism have coevolved in mammals to support cerebral glucose utilization. © 2012 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 2:863‐914, 2012.

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Blood–Brain Glucose Transfer

Cited by 2 publications

References 238 publications

Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood–brain barrier

Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood–brain barrier

Role of Monosaccharide Transport Proteins in Carbohydrate Assimilation, Distribution, Metabolism, and Homeostasis

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