Blood-brain barrier and cerebral blood flow: Age differences in hemorrhagic stroke

Abstract

Neonatal stroke is similar to the stroke that occurs in adults and produces a significant morbidity and long-term neurologic and cognitive deficits. There are important differences in the factors, clinical events and outcomes associated with the stroke in infants and adults. However, mechanisms underlying age differences in the stroke development remain largely unknown. Therefore, treatment guidelines for neonatal stroke must extrapolate from the adult data that is often not suitable for children. The new information about differences between neonatal and adult stroke is essential for identification of significant areas for future treatment and effective prevention of neonatal stroke. Here, we studied the development of stress-induced hemorrhagic stroke and possible mechanisms underlying these processes in newborn and adult rats. Using histological methods and magnetic resonance imaging, we found age differences in the type of intracranial hemorrhages. Newborn rats demonstrated small superficial bleedings in the cortex while adult rats had more severe deep bleedings in the cerebellum. Using Doppler optical coherent tomography, we found higher stress-reactivity of the sagittal sinus to deleterious effects of stress in newborn vs. adult rats suggesting that the cerebral veins are more vulnerable to negative stress factors in neonatal vs. adult brain in rats. However, adult but not newborn rats demonstrated the stroke-induced breakdown of blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. The one of possible mechanisms underlying the higher resistance to stress-related stroke injures of cerebral vessels in newborn rats compared with adult animals is the greater expression of two main tight junction proteins of BBB (occludin and claudin-5) in neonatal vs. mature brain in rats.

Imaging the structure and organization of mouse cerebellum and brain stem with second harmonic generation microscopy

“…The organization of neurobiological tissue containing the arrangement of cells or the relative amount of cell numbers in some special layers and brain regions is crucial to our understanding of the structure and function of the brain [1][2][3][4] . Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been employed into brain structure and function research, but the relatively low spatial resolution and tissue contrast hamper them in providing organization morphology with a resolution enough to distinguish cells [5,6] .…”