Blood and hair lead levels in boys and girls living in two Sardinian towns at different risks of lead pollution

Sanna, Emanuele; Liguori, A.; Palmas, Lucia; Soro, Maria Renata; Floris, Giovanni

doi:10.1016/s0147-6513(02)00072-6

Cited by 84 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Zaida et al (2007) in an investigation with children from 0 to 12 months from the city of Marrakech, Morocco observed a PbH average value of 6.6 μg/g, which were associated with environmental contamination of soil, water and food. Hair lead levels in children from Istanbul, Turkey, had mean of 2.41 ± 2.22 μg/g, very similar to the mean observed in our study (Sanna et al 2003). The authors concluded that environmental tobacco smoking and attending school near to main streets were the most important risk factors for high hair lead levels.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…However, despite the short half-life, circulating levels of lead may remain high for relatively longer periods as a result of internal remobilization of the metal deposits (Roberts et al 2001). However, blood sampling is an invasive procedure; on the other hand, hair is a biological matrix easy to collect, to storage and transport (Sanna et al 2003). Some authors argue that the hair lead levels (PbH) is a good marker of lead body burden in environmental contamination studies, but some aspects related to external contamination and the ability to distinguish between endogenous and external deposition are still a concern (Sanna et al 2003;Ozden et al 2007;Stupar et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, blood sampling is an invasive procedure; on the other hand, hair is a biological matrix easy to collect, to storage and transport (Sanna et al 2003). Some authors argue that the hair lead levels (PbH) is a good marker of lead body burden in environmental contamination studies, but some aspects related to external contamination and the ability to distinguish between endogenous and external deposition are still a concern (Sanna et al 2003;Ozden et al 2007;Stupar et al 2007). Another aspect is the variation in Pb concentration in different sub-populations according to age, sex, race (hair colour) and ecological factors which may vary among populations (Barbosa et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of lead exposure in children on the outskirts of Salvador, Brazil

Menezes-Filho

Viana

Paes

2011

Environ Monit Assess

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Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal that is widely distributed throughout the environment. Pb is an important neurotoxic metal and children are more susceptible to its effect due to their higher absorption rate and greater susceptibility of the developing nervous system. In this work, we evaluated the lead exposure levels in children living near a metallurgical plant and identified risk factors associated with its internal dose. All children, aged 1-10 years and 11 months, living near a metallurgical plant in the great Salvador area, Brazil were evaluated in this cross-sectional study and compared with children from a non exposed area. Occipital hair and blood were used to assess exposure. Air lead levels in the respirable fraction (PM 2.5 ) were also measured in both areas. Blood lead levels (BLL), hair lead levels (PbH) and air lead were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Spearman correlations analysis was used to evaluate correlations between BLL, PbH and descriptors. Significant risk factors were modeled using multivariate linear regression analysis. Air lead levels were approximately tenfolds lower than EPA reference concentration (0.15 μg/m 3 ). Median BLL and PbH were1.65 ± 1.45 μg/dL and 1.26 ± 3.70 μg/g, respectively, in exposed children. In the referents, medians were BLL 1.20 ± 1.20 μg/dL; PbH 2.09 ± 2.06 μg/g. No significant difference was observed in biomarkers levels between boys and girls. It was observed a positive weak correlation (Spearman rho = 0.197, p = 0.033) between BLL and PbH. Our data show that children's lead body burden measured as BLL or PbH are low when compared with the recommended reference values. Despite that, we were able to identify four risk factors associated with increased biological lead levels: age, living near industrial site, environmental tobacco smoking and, above all, domestic waste burning. In order to prevent such avoidable exposure, environmental education and proper waste management should be implemented, especially in developing countries.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of lead exposure in children on the outskirts of Salvador, Brazil

Menezes-Filho

Viana

Paes

2011

Environ Monit Assess

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“…Thus, based upon the blood levels of Ca and Mg in adult AEDS patients and the blood levels of Zn in childhood AEDS patients, our results of hair mineral imbalance are not comparable to those of blood (David et al, 1984). It has also been reported that analysis of hair mineral levels is more appropriate than analysis of blood minerals in assessing mineral balance in the body (Wilhelm et al, 1989;Sanna et al, 2003). Collectively, these results indicate that AEDS patients may have essential mineral imbalance and accumulation of some toxic minerals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Drinking deep-sea water restores mineral imbalance in atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome

Hataguchi¹,

Tai²,

Nakajima³

et al. 2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: The effect of drinking deep-sea water on hair minerals was studied in patients with atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). Study of hair minerals revealed an imbalance of essential minerals and an increase in toxic minerals in AEDS patients. Design: After drinking deep-sea water (Amami no Mizu) for 6 months in AEDS patients, hair minerals (essential minerals and toxic minerals), clinical evaluation of the skin symptoms were compared before drinking with after drinking. Subjects: After obtaining informed consent, 33 patients (mean age 26 y, range 1-50 y, 13 male and 20 female subjects) with mild to moderate AEDS were enrolled. Results: After drinking deep-sea water, the levels of the essential mineral, potassium (K), were significantly decreased, while the levels of selenium (Se) increased. On the other hand, drinking deep-sea water significantly decreased the levels of the toxic minerals, mercury and lead. Moreover, after drinking deep-sea water, the skin symptoms were improved in 27 out of 33 patients. Conclusion: These results indicate that the mineral abnormalities/imbalance may be involved in the pathogenesis of AEDS, and that drinking deep-sea water may be useful in the treatment of AEDS.

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“…There are various studies reporting differences in lead and cadmium levels among areas, mainly near particular points including industrial sites (Sanna, 2003;60 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 7(1), [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]2013 Alonso et al, 2001), abandoned metal recovery plants (Kosatsky et al, 1994), lead-reclamation plants ( Levallois et al, 1991), or e-waste recycling towns (Zheng et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead and Cadmium Exposure Assessment Using Biomarkers Collected from Children Living in an Industrial Complex Area in Korea

Heo¹,

Lee²

2013

Asian J. Atmos. Environ

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Children are particularly vulnerable to adverse health effects associated with heavy metal exposure. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between proximity to an industry complex and blood lead and urinary cadmium levels for children aged 7-13 who lived in Ulsan where a big petrochemical complex is located. We conducted a questionnaire survey to collect data including sociodemographics, daily habits, residential environment, etc. We also analyzed blood lead and urinary cadmium levels using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Data were analyzed using regression analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted with SAS software version 9.2. We calculated distance by using a Geographic Information System (ArcGIS version 10.0). The geometric mean blood lead level was 1.55 μg/dL (boys: 1.59 μg/dL, girls: 1.51 μg/dL), and the geometric mean urinary cadmium level was 0.51 μg/g creatinine (boys: 0.45 μg/g creatinine, girls: 0.58 μg/g creatinine). In the results of regression analyses, we found that urinary cadmium levels significantly decreased as distance between residence and industrial complex increased after adjusting for age, gender, income, passive smoking and the length of residence. This result was opposite to that for lead levels. Our observations support the hypothesis that urinary cadmium levels in children are related to their proximity to an industrial complex.

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Blood and hair lead levels in boys and girls living in two Sardinian towns at different risks of lead pollution

Cited by 84 publications

References 30 publications

Determinants of lead exposure in children on the outskirts of Salvador, Brazil

Determinants of lead exposure in children on the outskirts of Salvador, Brazil

Drinking deep-sea water restores mineral imbalance in atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome

Lead and Cadmium Exposure Assessment Using Biomarkers Collected from Children Living in an Industrial Complex Area in Korea

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