Blockchain technology with its application in medical and healthcare systems: A survey

Abstract

With the advent of the 21st century, healthcare systems all around the world are facing challenges at an unprecedented scale. The recent covid-19 outbreak is a glaring example of such challenges. After facing such situations anyone can conclude that there is a need to change the way our current health system works and the recent blockchain technology emerged as a way to bring out this change. From universal health blueprint to medical supply chain management and connecting vetted suppliers, blockchain is making an impact. This paper introduces the concept of blockchain along with its applications with the main focus on healthcare and medical systems.

A novel coarse‐to‐fine computational method for three‐dimensional landmark detection to perform hard‐tissue cephalometric analysis

“…During the automatic cephalometric analysis, maximum average error in the measurements was found as 2.63 mm. Later on, a knowledge-based approach was published in 2015 (Gupta et al, 2022) to demonstrate automatic landmark detection on 30 CBCT images. This experiment was performed on 30 samples with 20 hard tissue landmarks.…”

“…In the literature, several types of methods are there. Starting from model based (Shahidi et al, 2014) and knowledge‐based methods (Arisdakessian et al, 2020; Gupta et al, 2022), currently mostly methods are based on machine learning (ML) based (Kang et al, 2021; Yun et al, 2020) and deep learning (DL) based (Lee et al, 2019). At a very recent methods are based on combined approaches, as this article is also adopted the similar ensemble approach.…”

“…It had detected 14 cephalometric landmarks on 20 CBCT images with 63.57% detection rate under 3‐mm error range. A knowledge‐based method was proposed for the cephalometric landmark detection (Gupta et al, 2022) followed by cephalometric analysis (Arisdakessian et al, 2020) over 30 CBCT images where mean error for landmark detection was reported as 2.01 mm and 82.67% detection rate was achieved for the landmarks under 3 mm error range. During the automatic cephalometric analysis, maximum average error in the measurements was found as 2.63 mm.…”

The governance technology for blockchain systems: a survey

“…As the underlying technology for digital currencies such as Bitcoin [1] and Ethereum [2], blockchain [3] has gained widespread attention from scholars due to the explosive growth of digital currencies. The characteristics of decentralization, immutability and traceability make it play a significant role in various fields such as healthcare [4], IoT [5], cloud computing [6], electronic voting [7], and others. However, in the rapid development of blockchain technology, the lack of a systematic and perfect governance process is gradually exposed.…”

Stability Analysis of EPC Consortium Cooperation Based on Evolutionary Game

“…They used numerical analysis to find the optimal strategy with stronger applicability for both parties. In addition, blockchain technology (Gupta et al, 2022) has been used to collaborate on projects. Lu et al (2021) constructed a novel blockchain-based cloud storage protocol for data sharing of projects.…”