Blockchain Technologies: Probability of Double-Spend Attack on a Proof-of-Stake Consensus

Diván

2022

Sensors

Section: Iot Application and Methodologies For Improvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet of Things for Smart Community Solutions

Diván

2022

Sensors

“…Compared to the classic case of DSA, in the control point attack, everything follows the same assumptions as described in [3], but the opponent can catch up in a limited number of slots. In order to prove new statements and formulas, it is necessary to introduce next notations.…”

Section: Double Spend Attack With Time Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of efficiency of Double Spend Attack for blockchains with checkpoints and without them

Kovalchuk,

Kuchynska,

Nelasa

2023

PMMIT

Self Cite

Stake (PoS) protocol is widely-used in blockchains, but the first strictly proved results about its security against Double Spend Attack (DSA) were recently obtained. To reduce the probability of this attack, some blockchains use some additional instrument, which is called checkpoints. In this paper, we present explicit formulas for the estimates of probability of success of Double Spend Attack in the case of the Proof of Stake protocol consensus with checkpoints and compare obtained results with probability of classic Double Spend Attack. The formulas obtained allow to get corresponding numerical results, which we compared with the analogical numerical results obtained earlier for "classical" PoS protocol in blockchain without checkpoints. As it was expected, this comparison shows that blockchain with checkpoints, under the same conditions, is more secure against such attack.

“…The common vulnerabilities of a smart contract are reentrancy vulnerability, replay attack, access restriction, and timestamp dependency. Many viewpoints, such as confidentiality, data integrity, availability, authorization, and non-repudiation, have been put forward in the security analysis [27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Security Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Auction Blockchain System with Price Recommendation and Trusted Execution Environment

Shih

et al. 2021

Mathematics

Online auctions are now widely used, with all the convenience and efficiency brought by internet technology. Despite the advantages over traditional auction methods, some challenges still remain in online auctions. According to the World Business Environment Survey (WBES) conducted by the World Bank, about 60% of companies have admitted to bribery and manipulation of the auction results. In addition, buyers are prone to the winner’s curse in an online auction environment. Since the increase in information availability can reduce uncertainty, easy access to relevant auction information is essential for buyers to avoid the winner’s curse. In this study, we propose an Online Auction Price Suggestion System (OAPSS) to protect the data from being interfered with by third-party programs based on Intel’s Software Guard Extensions (SGX) technology and the characteristics of the blockchain. Our proposed system provides a smart contract by using α-Sutte indicator in the final transaction price prediction as a bidding price recommendation, which helps buyers to reduce the information uncertainty on the value of the product. The amount spent on the smart contract in this study, excluding deployed contracts, plus the rest of the fees is less than US$1. Experimental results of the simulation show that there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the recommended price group and the actual price group in the highest bid. Therefore, we may conclude that our proposed bidder’s price recommendation function in the smart contract may mitigate the loss of buyers caused by the winner’s curse.