Blockchain for smart cities: A review of architectures, integration trends and future research directions

Bhushan, Bharat; Khamparia, Aditya; Sagayam, K. Martin; Sharma, Sudhir Kumar; Ahad, Mohd Abdul; Debnath, Narayan C.

doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102360

Cited by 250 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 203 publications

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“…There are several enabling technologies that can facilitate the smooth adoption of smart mobility. Figure 9 shows these technologies [ 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 ].…”

Section: Enabling Technologies To Support Smart Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges

Paiva

Ahad

Tripathi

et al. 2021

Sensors

179

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The increasing population across the globe makes it essential to link smart and sustainable city planning with the logistics of transporting people and goods, which will significantly contribute to how societies will face mobility in the coming years. The concept of smart mobility emerged with the popularity of smart cities and is aligned with the sustainable development goals defined by the United Nations. A reduction in traffic congestion and new route optimizations with reduced ecological footprint are some of the essential factors of smart mobility; however, other aspects must also be taken into account, such as the promotion of active mobility and inclusive mobility, encouraging the use of other types of environmentally friendly fuels and engagement with citizens. The Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain and Big Data technology will serve as the main entry points and fundamental pillars to promote the rise of new innovative solutions that will change the current paradigm for cities and their citizens. Mobility-as-a-service, traffic flow optimization, the optimization of logistics and autonomous vehicles are some of the services and applications that will encompass several changes in the coming years with the transition of existing cities into smart cities. This paper provides an extensive review of the current trends and solutions presented in the scope of smart mobility and enabling technologies that support it. An overview of how smart mobility fits into smart cities is provided by characterizing its main attributes and the key benefits of using smart mobility in a smart city ecosystem. Further, this paper highlights other various opportunities and challenges related to smart mobility. Lastly, the major services and applications that are expected to arise in the coming years within smart mobility are explored with the prospective future trends and scope.

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“…There are several enabling technologies that can facilitate the smooth adoption of smart mobility. Figure 9 shows these technologies [ 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 ].…”

Section: Enabling Technologies To Support Smart Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges

Paiva

Ahad

Tripathi

et al. 2021

Sensors

179

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“…The proper management of waste in smart cities require close coordination and collaboration among the involved stakeholders such as waste generators, collectors, shipper, and waste treatment facilities. However, the existing systems leveraged to manage waste are highly disintegrated and face several challenges because of a lack of means to adequately share waste-related data among involved stakeholders in waste management processes [3][4][5]. Blockchain technology presents a single and unified platform that can be used by the involved stakeholders in waste management of cities to share data in an effective, secure, transparent, and verifiable manner [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey

Ahmad¹,

Salah²,

Jayaraman³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Smart cities have the potential to overcome environmental problems caused by improper waste disposal to improve human health, protect the aquatic ecosystem, and reduce air pollution. However, today's systems, approaches, and technologies leveraged for waste management are manual and centralized that make them vulnerable to manipulation and the single point of failure problem. Also, a large portion of the existing waste management systems within smart cities fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, audit, security, and trusted data provenance features. In this paper, we explore the key role of blockchain technology in managing waste within smart cities as it can offer traceability, immutability, transparency, and audit features in a decentralized, trusted, and secure manner. We discuss the opportunities brought about by blockchain technology in various waste management use cases and application scenarios, including real-time tracing and tracking of waste, reliable channelization and compliance with waste treatment laws, efficient waste resources management, protection of waste management documentation, and fleet management. We introduce a framework that leverages blockchain-based smart contracts to automate the key services in terms of waste management of smart cities. We compare the existing blockchain-based waste management solutions based on important parameters. Furthermore, we present insightful discussions on several ongoing blockchain-based research projects and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain in waste management. Finally, we present open challenges that act as future research directions.

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“…As another disruptive technological innovation occurring after the internet, blockchain has led to the development of distributed accounting system [2,3], which is tamper-resistant, traceable, highly trusted, and decentralized. Blockchain can improve the security of the grid system data and help promote the realization of the reliable, effective, and trusted distributed smart grid system [4]. ere have been many studies on blockchain in the energy field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Integration of Blockchain Technology and Smart Grid: Framework and Application

Chen

et al. 2021

Mathematical Problems in Engineering

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Based on the diffusion of blockchain technology in the smart grid, this paper studies the framework and application of the blockchain technology in the smart grid, so as to combine the blockchain with the smart grid and establish a sustainable supply chain. However, the establishment of a sustainable supply chain is based on a layered theoretical framework. Not only should the framework take into account needless attributes and the relationship among various criteria and aspects but the application should also involve a balance of multiple stakeholders. For the above reasons, this paper uses a combination of Fuzzy-DEMATEL and ISM. The results show that (1) the hierarchical path of sustainable supply chain management of the smart grid under the blockchain starts from the social level, pays attention to system construction, grasps the technical standards, and defines the development goals of the power grid. (2) The development of green energy has become a new market growth point. (3) The control of the operation level becomes the focus of the smart grid. (4) The optimization and development of the economic structure are restricted by social factors. By integrating and optimizing the blockchain and supply chain, this paper puts forward a theoretical framework, establishes a sustainable GIP application system with multistakeholder participation at the supply chain level, and indicates the significance of the blockchain in the smart grid.

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Blockchain for smart cities: A review of architectures, integration trends and future research directions

Cited by 250 publications

References 203 publications

Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges

Enabling Technologies for Urban Smart Mobility: Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges

Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey

The Integration of Blockchain Technology and Smart Grid: Framework and Application

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