Blockchain for Industry 5.0: Vision, Opportunities, Key Enablers, and Future Directions

Abstract

Industry 4.0 have witnessed a paradigm shift from cyber-physical systems (CPS) that aims at massive automation, towards a more customer-driven approach. The shift has been attributed to the design of hyper-cognitive systems, integration of virtual and extended reality, digital machinery prototyping and twin designs, trusted machine boundaries, collaborative robots, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based supply chains. This new wave, termed Industry 5.0, is expected to leverage massive production with user-centric customization outside the scope of Industry 4.0 ecosystems. Industry 5.0 is expected to assist diverse industrial verticals like healthcare, smart farming, drones, smart grids, and supply chain production ecosystems. However, data is shared among multiple heterogeneous networks, spanning different authoritative domains. Thus, trusted and secured data transfer is crucial to synergize and secure the industrial perimeters. Blockchain (BC) is a preferred choice as a security enabler to Industry 5.0 ecosystems owing to its inherent property of immutability, chronology, and auditability in industrial systems. Limited works are proposed that present the vision and holistic view of BC-assisted Industry 5.0 applications. The article presents a first-of-its-kind survey on BC as a security enabler in Industry 5.0. Based on a descriptive survey methodology and research questions, we presented the key drivers, and potential applications, and propose an architectural vision of BC-based Industry 5.0 in diverse applicative verticals. The survey intends to present solutions that would assist industry practitioners, academicians, and researchers to drive novel BCassisted solutions in Industry 5.0 verticals.

A transformative shift toward blockchain‐based IoT environments: Consensus, smart contracts, and future directions

“…With the concepts of publicly accessible decentralization and transparency, Permissionless is more suited for industry-wide IoT implementation. 35,86 In Table 7, we compare several consensus mechanisms and discuss how well they work for IoT applications in light of the relevant parameters used in various blockchain implementations. Also, blockchain-IoT functionality and performance characteristics depend upon the underlying consensus method.…”

“…However, permissioned blockchains suffer from a major scalability issue despite having far reduced latency 41,63 With the concepts of publicly accessible decentralization and transparency, Permissionless is more suited for industry‐wide IoT implementation 35,86 …”

Communications Security in Industry X: A Survey

“…Security challenges and solutions for IIoT ✓ ✓ [46] Security challenges and solutions for ML ✓ ✓ [47] Security for IoT & IIoT using blockchain ✓ ✓ [48] Security of machine learning in industry ✓ [49] Security of SCADA systems, mainly protocols ✓ ✓ [50] Edge computing in IIoT ✓ ✓ ✓ [51] Security of IoT, IIoT, and CPS using honeypots ✓ ✓ [52] DoS and deception in industrial CPS ✓ [53] Attacks and incidents in industrial CPS ✓ ✓ [54] Blockchain security enabler for Industry 5.0…”

A Taxonomy and Lessons Learned From Blockchain Adoption Within the Internet of Energy Paradigm

“…In the work proposed by Faheem et al [89], the authors presented a comprehensive survey in regard to the role played by information technologies, protocols and standards on SG critical components in the context of Industry 4.0. Furthermore, the authors in [90] evaluated the integration of blockchain with Industry 5.0 focusing on several applications among them the smart grid (specifically DERs and micro-grids) and how the technology can enhance the security of these cyber-physical systems. Besides, Repsol [91], which is a multi-energy provider that utilizes advances technologies to build sustainable energy models.…”