Blockade of uptake for dopamine, but not norepinephrine or 5-HT, increases selection of high effort instrumental activity: Implications for treatment of effort-related motivational symptoms in psychopathology

Characterization of Amphetamine, Methylphenidate, Nicotine, and Atomoxetine on Measures of Attention, Impulsive Action, and Motivation in the Rat: Implications for Translational Research

“…The present findings with ATX essentially confirm this effect in the long ITI 5-CSRTT schedule, but now also extend to a go-nogo task. Similar to MPH and AMP, ATX increases extracellular levels of NA in prefrontal cortex, although in contrast it has null effect or a tendency to decrease accumbens DA release (Heal et al, 2009;Yohn et al, 2016), which may explain the property of ATX to slow response speed and dampen response output, notably under conditions of high response rate. For example, the most marked effects of ATX were apparent in the "high performer" or "high impulsive" groups in the sITI and 10-s ITI schedules respectively.…”

“…For example, the most marked effects of ATX were apparent in the "high performer" or "high impulsive" groups in the sITI and 10-s ITI schedules respectively. Given that ATX reduced response rate and break point in a PR schedule of food reinforcement would suggest that an effect on primary motivation may account, at least in part, for these effects (Achterberg et al, 2016;Yohn et al, 2016). PET imaging studies in primate suggest that clinically relevant exposures of ATX will occupy the 5-HT as well as the NA transporter (Gallezot et al, 2011;Ding et al, 2014).…”

“…PET imaging studies in primate suggest that clinically relevant exposures of ATX will occupy the 5-HT as well as the NA transporter (Gallezot et al, 2011;Ding et al, 2014). Since SSRI drugs may blunt motivation (Mathes et al, 2012;Rosenberg et al, 2013;Yohn et al, 2016), an inhibitory effect of ATX at the 5-HT and/or NA transporter might contribute to this property.…”

Translational approaches to evaluating motivation in laboratory rodents: conventional and touchscreen-based procedures

“…Although PR has been widely used in rodents and non-human primates [20,21], more recent studies of motivation have used Effort-Related Choice (ERC) tasks that require animals to choose between high effort actions such as repeated lever pressing on a variety of ratio schedules leading to highly valued reinforcers (e. g. sweet pellets, sucrose solution or exercise) versus an alternative low effort/low reward value option (e.g. freely available standard laboratory food) [18,[22][23][24][25].…”

Involvement of adenosinergic and dopaminergic systems in the regulation of alcohol or sucrose intake: studies in rodent models of self-administration

“…This individual variability in willingness to keep lever pressing in spite of the increasing work demands has been associated with DA-related signaling activity in the accumbens core (Randall et al, 2012). Furthermore, treatment with drugs that increase DA transmission by blocking DA uptake, such as GBR12909 and the antidepressant bupropion, increases selection of high-effort PR lever pressing (Randall et al, 2015;Yohn et al, 2016). Bupropion was shown to be more potent for improving performance of the "high workers" than the "low workers", although at high doses it benefited both groups (Randall et al, 2015).…”