Block-chain Based Energy Trading in ADN with its probable impact on Aggregated Load Profile and Available Distribution Capability

Blockchain based energy trading in ADN with its probable impact on aggregated load profile, available distribution capability and loadability margin

“…The bid settlement process using the proportional sharing method has been discussed and given in ref. [2]. In the proportional sharing method, the total demand and losses of the ADN are proportionally shared among the bidding generators by the blockchain.…”

“…The distribution locational marginal pricing (DLMP) discussed in ref. [2] would be employed for the determination of DLMP by the DSO. The formulation would be adopted to the method proposed in this article by using LMCP price instead of LMP is illustrated in the following equations: DLM…”

“…The distribution locational marginal pricing (DLMP) discussed in ref. [2] would be employed for the determination of DLMP by the DSO. The formulation would be adopted to the method proposed in this article by using LMCP price instead of LMP is illustrated in the following equations: $$$$\begin{equation}{\rm{DLM\;}}{P_i} = {\rm{DLM}}P_i^{{\rm{fixed}}} + {\rm{DLM}}P_i^{{\rm{loss}}}\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}{\rm{DLM}}\;P_i^{{\rm{fixed}}} = \;{\rm{LMC}}\;P_i^{{\rm{ADN}}} = {\lambda ^p}\;\;\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}{\rm{DLM}}\;P_{i,t}^{{\rm{loss}}} = \lambda _t^p\; + \mathop \sum \limits_{i\; = \;1}^f \left( {P{{\left( {i,t} \right)}^{\left\{ {{\rm{loss}}} \right\}}}\; \times \lambda _t^p} \right)\;\end{equation}$$$$…”

“…In the era of wide‐scale emphasis on renewable integration, the prosumers have ample opportunity to participate and reap the benefits of decentralised distributed generation through active participation in the energy markets. The prevalence of active sources DER's (distributed energy resources) and EVs as VPP (virtual power plant) would significantly impact the overall load profile of the $$ADN$$ (Active Distribution Network) [2]. The inherent nature of renewable sources with uncertainty in generation in amalgamation with the complex behaviour of EV as VPP complicates the technological as well as commercial aspects of power system operation and control.…”

“…The modelling of EVs and DER's have been done in refs. [2][3][4][5][6], where deterministic and probabilistic models have been proposed.…”