Blink Reflexes Elicited by Electrical, Acoustic and Visual Stimuli

Tackmann, W.; Ettlin, Thierry; Barth, R.

doi:10.1159/000115483

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…13 The BR R2 can be elicited by tactile, visual, and acoustic stimuli as well. 14,26,34,37 The oligosynaptic R1 is mediated by A␤ fibers, which end within the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. 24 The origin of the polysynaptic R2 is still unsettled with A␤-and A␦-fiber afferents under discussion.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pain-evoked blink reflex

1997

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The electrically evoked blink reflex (BR) consists of an ipsilateral R1 component (R1) at 11 ms and two bilateral components R2 at 33 ms and R3 at 83 ms. It is still unclear whether the R2 is mediated by activation of tactile or nociceptive afferents. For testing the nociceptive hypothesis, nociceptors of the supraorbital nerve were selectively activated by infrared laser stimuli in 10 subjects. Only painful laser stimuli evoked a bilateral early polyphasic BR response (LR2) at 71 ms. Stimulation of infraorbital and mental nerve dermatomes was equally effective. A late bilateral reflex response at 130 ms was occasionally observed. Regarding the nociceptor activation time of about 40 ms, onset latencies were within the range of the electrically evoked R2 and R3, respectively. The good accordance of R2 and LR2 may be due to activation of identical nociceptive fibers or to convergence of electrically evoked tactile and laser‐elicited nociceptive input onto common multireceptive neurons. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve, 20, 265–270, 1997.

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confidence: 99%

Pain-evoked blink reflex

1997

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“…By 32-34 wk gestation, a tap to the glabella elicited an eyeblink response (18). There are two components of the blink response: the first, an oligosynaptic reflex arc results in contraction of the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle (19,20); the second, a polysynaptic reflex are, which was evaluated herein, has a long afferent limb mediated by fibers of the ipsilateral spinal trigeminal tract. These fibers project on the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the dorsal medulla.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Reflex Modification Audiometry: Assessment of Acoustic Sensory Processing in the Term Neonate

et al. 1988

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A B S T R A a . Behavioral and physiological work in animals and adult humans have established the sensitivity of various procedures and allowed delineation of the neuroanatomical pathways involved in sensory processing. Herein we used the glabellar reflex and reflex modification procedures to assess acoustic sensory processing capabilities in the term newborn infant. The eyeblink-eliciting device consisted of a miniature solenoid which could deliver a controlled tap. A photoreflective densitometer attached to a TDH-39 earphone assessed the eyeblinks. A total of 98 term infants was studied to determine how a response to a reflex-eliciting event (tap) was modified (either augmented or inhibited) by a mild exteroceptive stimulus (tone) which was presented at an appropriate lead interval. Ninety adult subjects were given identical testing procedures and their data were compared to that of the infants. The results of this study showed that newborn infants reliably exhibited an eyeblink response after a tap to the glabella. With fixed intensity tones, frequencies from 1 to 4 kHz produced equivalent amounts of reflex augmentation in infants and adult subjects. Blink amplitude increased as a function of increased tap and tone intensity in both infants and adults. State change was shown to affect the amplitude of the reflexive eyeblink, but not the augmentation effect. However, neonates failed to show inhibition to either acoustic or tactile stimuli at an interstimulus interval that produced significant inhibition in the adult. These data indicate that reflex modification procedures provide an objective assessment of acoustic sensory processing in the term neonate. Further, they not only suggest that areas of the central nervous system that process sensory stimuli are not fully developed even at term birth, but that the neural system for augmentation and inhibition may be independent of each other. (Pediatr Res 23: 357-363, 1988) Abbreviation ical and electrophysiological measures, reflex behavior, and learning procedures. Not all of these methods are useful at all ages; not all provide objective measurement of auditory perception.The purpose herein was to investigate the applicability of a psychophysical approach, based on behavioral phenomenon called reflex modification, to objectively assess acoustic sensory competence in the term infant (2, 3). This testing procedure originated in the observation that a variety of auditory and nonauditory stimuli consistently evoked a startle reflex in both humans and animals, the most constant component of which was the eyeblink (4-7). Subsequent investigation established that the elicited reflex could be modulated in amplitude by a variety of sensory stimuli and that the changes in eyeblink response produced by these stimuli could be monitored by measuring the amplitude of the blink component of the reflex (8, 9). Our study used a tone as a reflex-modifying event and a tap to the glabella as the reflex-eliciting stimulus. By varying the characteristics of the tone and its tempo...

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“…These time windows were based on visual inspection of the raw EMG signals and on normative data for response latency and duration in healthy subjects which were collected in earlier studies (Ellrich and Hopf, 1996;Tackmann et al, 1982). The time window for analysis of the electric blink reflex was started 5 ms later than that for acoustic blinks to avoid influences of the electric R1 component (which has onset and offset latencies ranging between 9 and 24 ms).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filters for optimal smoothing of acoustic and electric blink reflex EMG responses to determine blink response magnitude

Boxtel

2010

Biological Psychology

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Citation for published version (APA):van Boxtel, A. (2010). Filters for optimal smoothing of acoustic and electric blink reflex EMG responses to determine blink response magnitude. Biological Psychology, 85, 299-305. General rightsCopyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.-Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research -You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain -You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright, please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. The functional (i.e., kinematic) aspects of the blink reflex depend on the size of the integrated orbicularis oculi EMG response. Peak amplitude of smoothed rectified EMG is often used as an approximation of integrated EMG. A comparison was made between the outputs of 24 different smoothing filters, correlating peak amplitude of acoustic or electric blink reflexes with integrated EMG. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) was largest (i.e., ≥.95 for acoustic and ≥.90 for electric blink reflexes) when using either (1) a first-order resistor-capacitor filter with a time constant of 50 or 100 ms, (2) a boxcar filter averaging 51 or 101 data points, or (3) an unequal-weight finite impulse response filter with a cutoff frequency of 5 or 10 Hz. These filters are thus recommended when determining peak amplitude. Applying a baseline correction on peak amplitude and integrated EMG produced slightly smaller values of R 2 compared with uncorrected measures.

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Blink Reflexes Elicited by Electrical, Acoustic and Visual Stimuli

Cited by 45 publications

References 21 publications

Pain-evoked blink reflex

Pain-evoked blink reflex

Reflex Modification Audiometry: Assessment of Acoustic Sensory Processing in the Term Neonate

Filters for optimal smoothing of acoustic and electric blink reflex EMG responses to determine blink response magnitude

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