Blink rate and stereotyped behavior: Evidence for dopamine involvement?

MacLean, William E.; Lewis, Mark H.; Bryson-Brockmann, William A.; Ellis, David N.; Arendt, Robert; Baumeister, Alfred A.

doi:10.1016/0006-3223(85)90117-9

Cited by 30 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The obtained mean blink rate of these groups provided the first evidence that blink rate is reduced in individuals with IDD and replicated previous findings that blink rate is reduced in IDD+SMD (Bodfish et al, 1995; MacLean et al,1985). Our study also reveals, however, that the sequential organization of natural eye blinks is of a lower dimension in individuals with IDD in that it has a stronger compensatory and more rigid sequential structure in the n to n+1 blink durations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The mean rate of spontaneous eye blinks has been shown to vary over changes of age through the life span and as a function of particular disease states (Caplan et al, 1996; Schellini, Sampaio, Hoyama, Cruz, & Padovani, 2005; Zamerkin, Stevens, & Pittman, 1979). Importantly, in the context of this paper, the mean rate of spontaneous eye blinks has been shown to be lower in adults diagnosed with Stereotyped Movement Disorder (SMD) (Bodfish et al, 1995; MacLean et al, 1985; Roebel & MacLean, 2007). …”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The examination room was free of external noise and interruption. Spontaneous eye blink was defined as the “simultaneous closure of the upper and lower eyelids of both eyes” (MacLean et al, 1985). The video recordings were coded by two observers using the Noldus Observer 5.0 program.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low dimensional temporal organization of spontaneous eye blinks in adults with developmental disabilities and stereotyped movement disorder

Lee

Lewis

Newell

2010

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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This study investigated the mean rate and time-dependent sequential organization of spontaneous eye blinks in adults with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) and individuals from this group that were additionally categorized with stereotypic movement disorder (IDD+SMD). The mean blink rate was lower in the IDD+SMD group than the IDD group and both of these groups had a lower blink rate than a contrast group of healthy adults. In the IDD group the n to n+1 sequential organization over time of the eye blink durations showed a stronger compensatory organization than the contrast group suggesting decreased complexity/dimensionality of eye-blink behavior. Very low blink rate (and thus insufficient time series data) precluded analysis of time-dependent sequential properties in the IDD+SMD group. These findings support the hypothesis that both IDD and SMD are associated with a reduction in the dimension and adaptability of movement behavior and that this may serve as a risk factor for the expression of abnormal movements. KeywordsStereotypic movement disorders; eye blinks, intellectual and developmental disabilities Stereotypic movement disorders (SMD) are particularly prevalent in individuals with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) (Baumeister & Forehand, 1973;Cooper & Dourish, 1990; Sprague & Newell, 1996), though stereotypy is also evident in a number of other population groups and species, including human infants (Thelen, 1996) and caged animals (Berkson, 1967;Mason & Rushen, 2007). The pathophysiological basis of stereotypies in neurodevelopmental disorders is not well understood. There is growing evidence, however, Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptRes Dev Disabil. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 January 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript that these behaviors are associated with alterations in cortical-basal ganglia circuitry (Lewis, Tanimura, Lee, & Bodfish, 2007). This is consistent with long-standing observations that dopamine agonists (e.g., amphetamine) acting on the basal ganglia reliably induce stereotyped behavior in a wide range of animal species (see Cooper & Dourish, 1990). In addition, stereotyped behavior that has been shown to be a predictable consequence of early social deprivation in non-human primates was shown to be associated with dopamine receptor supersensitivity (Lewis, Gluck, Beauchamp, Keresztury, & Mailman, 1990), loss of dopamine innervation in striatum and dopamine cells in substantia nigra, and decreases in stria...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

mentioning

confidence: 84%

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Low dimensional temporal organization of spontaneous eye blinks in adults with developmental disabilities and stereotyped movement disorder

Lee

Lewis

Newell

2010

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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“…Panksepp, 1979 ;Sahley & Panksepp, 1987 ;Sandman, 1988), or altered dopamine metabolism (e.g. Lewis, Baumeister, & Mailman, 1987 ;MacLean et al, 1985 ;Ridley & Baker, 1982 ;Robbins, 1982), may also explain specific forms or features of repetitive behaviour in autism.…”

Section: Is There a Single Explanation For Repetitive Behaviour ?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Annotation: Repetitive Behaviour in Autism: A Review of Psychological Research

Turner

1999

Child Psychology Psychiatry

570

398

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“…Increased rates of blinking have been reported in patients with certain mental illnesses, whereas the blink rate decreases in patients with Parkinson's disease [7,9]. Increased blinking gives the impression of nervousness, while decreased blinking invites the impression of catatonic states.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%