Blending Synthetic Pheromones of Cerambycid Beetles to Develop Trap Lures That Simultaneously Attract Multiple Species

Abstract

We evaluated attraction of cerambycid beetle species to blends of known cerambycid pheromones to determine whether such blends could be used as effective trap lures for detecting and monitoring multiple species simultaneously. Pheromone-baited traps captured 1,358 cerambycid beetles, of which 1,101 (81.1%) belonged to three species in the subfamily Cerambycinae: Neoclytus acuminatus (F.), Neoclytus mucronatus (F.), and Xylotrechus colonus (F.). Beetles of these species were significantly attracted to synthetic blends that contained their pheromone components (isomers of 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone and/or 2,3-hexanediol), despite the presence of pheromone components of different species, including other isomers of 2,3-hexanediol, (E/Z)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-yl acetate, and citral. In some cases attraction was partially inhibited by the pheromone components of heterospecific species, whereas for N. acuminatus, attraction was completely inhibited when blends contained (2R*,3S*)-hexanediol, the racemic mixture of diastereomers of its pheromone, (2S,3S)-hexanediol. Among the remaining beetles captured were three species in the subfamily Lamiinae: Astyleiopus variegatus (Haldeman), Graphisurus fasciatus (Degeer), and Lepturges angulatus (LeConte). All three lamiine species were previously known to be attracted to (E/Z)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-yl acetate, and were captured in significant numbers by blends containing that compound. Our results suggest that different types of cerambycid pheromones can be combined to create effective multi-species lures for use in surveillance programs that target exotic cerambycid species.iii Acknowledgments

Efficacy of semiochemical-baited traps for detection of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the Russian Far East

“…Finally, we also wanted to determine whether adding ketol lures to traps baited with ethanol would reduce the catch of species attracted to ethanol by itself. If several lures can be placed on a single trap without a net loss in the number of species detected, survey efficiency would be increased Wong et al, 2012).…”

Seasonal Phenology of the Cerambycid Beetles of East Central Illinois

“…There appears to be considerable parsimony within the Cerambycidae in relation to pheromone biosynthesis and use, with sympatric species sharing pheromone components or even producing pheromones of identical composition (e.g., Barbour et al 2011; Mitchell et al 2011, 2013; Teale et al 2011; Wong et al 2012; Hanks and Millar 2013). For example, ( R )-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one is a common, and often the sole component of volatile pheromones of many species in the large subfamily Cerambycinae (e.g., Hanks et al 2007, Hanks and Millar 2013).…”

Efficacy of semiochemical-baited traps for detection of Scolytinae species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Russian Far East

“…In the last decade or so, long-distance sex and aggregation pheromones have been identifi ed in several species of longhorn beetles in the subfamilies Cerambycinae (Fettköther et al, 1995;Allison et al, 2004;Lacey et al, 2004Lacey et al, , 2007Mitchell et al, 2015, Ray et al, 2015, Spondylidinae (Silk et al, 2007;Sweeney et al, 2010), Prioninae (Cervantes et al, 2006), Lamiinae (Fonseca et al, 2010, Pajares et al, 2010Teale et al, 2011;Allison et al, 2012;Fierke et al, 2012) and Lepturinae (Ray et al, 2011, and use of racemic blends as well as pure enantiomers in traps has signifi cantly increased the detection rate of several species of cerambycids Mitchell et al, 2011;Hanks & Miller, 2012Wong et al, 2012;Sweeney et al, 2014;Ray et al, 2015;Miller et al, 2015b). As a result, racemic blends of the cerambycinae pheromones, 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one, have been used in operational surveillance programs by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency from .…”

“…Similarly, combination of longhorn beetle pheromones and host volatiles synergizes attraction of cerambycids (Nakamuta et al, 1997;Fettköther et al, 2000;Reddy et al, 2005;Silk et al, 2007;Nehme et al, 2009;Sweeney et al, 2010Sweeney et al, , 2014Pajares et al, 2010;Teale et al, 2011;Allison et al, 2012;Hanks et al, 2012;Macias-Samano et al, 2012;Miller et al, 2015b;Ryall et al, 2015; but see Pajares et al, 2010). In addition to increasing mean catch per trap and sensitivity of detecting several species of bark and wood-boring species, combining different pheromones and host volatiles on the same traps reduces survey costs by decreasing the number of traps required Noseworthy et al, 2012;Wong et al, 2012;Rassati et al, 2014). However, relatively little is known about the effects of combining longhorn beetle pheromones and 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Silk et al, 2007).…”