“…Their design contains an extra process unit to regulate the fluctuating ratio of components in the syngas stream before the syngas is sent to the following conversion unit. Similar examples are published in other works. ,,, …”
Section: State-of-the-artsupporting
confidence: 81%
“…Similar examples are published in other works. 27,29,53,75 Renewable energy resources are, however, not only renewable carbon feedstocks but also renewable electricity feedstock. In recent years, the introduction of RES with an intermittent nature has resulted in challenges in balancing the power grid.…”
Incorporating (operational) flexibility into process design has been a key approach to cope with uncertainties. The increasing penetration of renewables and the need for developing new low-carbon technologies will increase the demand for flexibility in chemical processes. This paper presents a state-ofthe-art review focusing on the origin, definition, and elements of flexibility in the chemical engineering context. The article points out a significant overlap in terminology and concepts, making it difficult to understand and compare flexibility potential and constraints among studies. Further, the paper identifies a lack of available metrics for assessing specific types of flexibility and the need for developing indicators for exploring the potential flexibility of novel chemical processes. The paper proposes a classification of flexibility types and provides an overview of design strategies that have been adopted so far to enable different types of flexibility. Finally, it offers a conceptual framework that can support designers to evaluate specific types of flexibility in early-stage assessments of novel chemical processes.
“…Their design contains an extra process unit to regulate the fluctuating ratio of components in the syngas stream before the syngas is sent to the following conversion unit. Similar examples are published in other works. ,,, …”
Section: State-of-the-artsupporting
confidence: 81%
“…Similar examples are published in other works. 27,29,53,75 Renewable energy resources are, however, not only renewable carbon feedstocks but also renewable electricity feedstock. In recent years, the introduction of RES with an intermittent nature has resulted in challenges in balancing the power grid.…”
Incorporating (operational) flexibility into process design has been a key approach to cope with uncertainties. The increasing penetration of renewables and the need for developing new low-carbon technologies will increase the demand for flexibility in chemical processes. This paper presents a state-ofthe-art review focusing on the origin, definition, and elements of flexibility in the chemical engineering context. The article points out a significant overlap in terminology and concepts, making it difficult to understand and compare flexibility potential and constraints among studies. Further, the paper identifies a lack of available metrics for assessing specific types of flexibility and the need for developing indicators for exploring the potential flexibility of novel chemical processes. The paper proposes a classification of flexibility types and provides an overview of design strategies that have been adopted so far to enable different types of flexibility. Finally, it offers a conceptual framework that can support designers to evaluate specific types of flexibility in early-stage assessments of novel chemical processes.
“…33,34 Some R&D also focuses on new conversion processes that can utilize different types of feedstocks concurrently, thus lowering the economic vulnerability of conversion facilities and resulting in a more consistent production throughout the year. 35 Crop development techniques (including conventional and biotechnological) are also being used to develop higher quality crops with suitable chemical composition. These techniques aim to increase productivity at both farms and conversion facilities.…”
Section: Biomass Production and Handling Stagementioning
confidence: 99%
“…To overcome seasonal dependencies, biomass can be stored under controlled conditions to maintain the quality of the biomass and reduce the amount of dry matter lost during the storage period 33,34 . Some R&D also focuses on new conversion processes that can utilize different types of feedstocks concurrently, thus lowering the economic vulnerability of conversion facilities and resulting in a more consistent production throughout the year 35 . Crop development techniques (including conventional and biotechnological) are also being used to develop higher quality crops with suitable chemical composition.…”
The bioeconomy is a complex, multivariate, and interdisciplinary system that requires a comprehensive assessment of its independent parts if it is to be understood fully. Hence, this article presents a holistic perspective of industry, public policy, and education aspects of the US bioeconomy. It is premised on the idea that a successful bioeconomy industry relies on the balanced development of all stages of the supply chain. For this balance to be struck, a strong interdisciplinary workforce must find novel solutions to multifaceted problems across the entirety of the supply chain. These solutions require innovative technologies that can improve the climate benefit of bioproducts, decrease their production costs, and make them more economically competitive. Increasing consumer education and awareness about the bioeconomy goes hand in hand with the development of a robust market for bioproducts. To guide these interdependent efforts, public policies must encourage demand, support competitive markets, promote the entry of renewable options, and stimulate growth by reducing financial barriers. We contend that a combination of policies is likely to be more effective than any singular policy on its own. Supporting the bioeconomy also entails attending to an existing lack of public awareness as well as workforce-ready professionals. To address these gaps, the USA must increase the intensity and intentionality of its efforts to educate students about the bioeconomy, particularly at the K-12 level. Furthermore, these efforts should encompass both formal and informal learning contexts in order to meet the workforce challenges facing the bioeconomy now and in the future.
“…Blending also can mitigate supply risks due to seasonal biomass shortage. Under those conditions, prices of $60–69 per ton were calculated (Dou et al 2019 ). Fig.…”
Straw is an agricultural residue of the production of e.g. cereals, rapeseed or sunflowers. It includes dried stalks, leaves, and empty ears and corncobs, which are separated from the grains during harvest. Straw is a promising lignocellulosic feedstock with a beneficial greenhouse gas balance for the production of biofuels and chemicals. Like all lignocellulosic materials, straw is recalcitrant and requires thermochemical and enzymatic pretreatment to enable access to the three major biopolymers of straw—the polysaccharides cellulose and hemicellulose and the polyaromatic compound lignin. Straw is used for commercial ethanol and biogas production. Considerable research has also been conducted to produce biobutanol, biodiesel and biochemicals from this raw material, but more research is required to establish them on a commercial scale. The major hindrance for launching industrial biofuel and chemicals’ production from straw is the high cost necessitated by pretreatment of the material. Improvements of microbial strains, production and extraction technologies, as well as co-production of high-value compounds represent ways of establishing straw as feedstock for the production of biofuels, chemicals and food.
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