Blast wave interaction with structures – An overview

Isaac, Obed Samuelraj; Alshammari, Omar Ghareeb; Pickering, Erik Green; Clarke, Steve; Rigby, S.E.

doi:10.1177/20414196221118595

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…More complicated analyses can be conducted with CFD methods. There are reviews of factors affecting blast-wave interaction with objects 75 . Fifth, the determination of injury risks for occupants of armored passenger-vehicles is complex and depends on the age, gender, height, weight and other occupant characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury and death to armored passenger-vehicle occupants and ground personnel from explosive shock waves

Viano¹

2023

Sci Rep

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This study evaluated the risks for injury and death to occupants from blast waves to the side and underbody of an armored passenger-vehicle and to ground personnel from free-field blast waves. The Kingery-Bulmash empirical relationships for explosive shock waves were augmented by the Swisdak empirical relations for stand-off distances up to Z = 39.8 m/kg1/3 to tabulate shock-wave characteristics using the Friedlander wave-shape. A 15 kg, hemispherical explosion was analyzed in detail for the shock wave velocity and compression of air behind the wave front. An armored SUV was analyzed with Z = 1.6 m/kg1/3 (4 m) standoff distance from pressure loading on the near-side, far-side and underbody. The rigid body displacement was 0.36 m and 7.8° yaw for a side loading. When a segment of the occupant compartment accelerates inward, there are risks for injury from the intrusion. Energy is transferred to the occupant by deformation of their body (Ed) and by velocity increasing the kinetic energy of the body region (Ek). Body deformation injures an occupant by exceeding the tolerable compression (crush mechanism) or exceeding the rate-dependent tolerance, which is defined by the rate times the extent of compression (viscous mechanism). The risk for injury and death to ground personnel was analyzed for free-field blast waves by stand-off distance and TNT weight. A 15 kg charge posed a 99% risk of death at 3.9 m, 50% risk at 5.2 m, 1% risk at 7.8 m and injury threshold at 8.2 m. A 100 kg charge posed a 99% risk of death at 8.5 m, 50% risk at 11.6 m, 1% risk at 17.3 m and injury threshold at 18.0 m. The study describes the steps to analyze blast loading of an armored passenger-vehicle for risks of occupant injury. It describes the steps to analyze injury risks to ground personnel from blast wave pressure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury and death to armored passenger-vehicle occupants and ground personnel from explosive shock waves

Viano¹

2023

Sci Rep

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“…Up to 14% and 26% reductions in loading were seen for the single and multiple obstacles, respectively. For a more comprehensive review of blast-obstacle interaction, the reader is directed to Isaac et al [84].…”

Section: Alternative Protective Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Blast Loading in the Urban Environment

et al. 2023

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Urban blasts have become a significant concern in recent years. Whilst free-field blasts are well understood, the introduction of an urban setting (or any complex geometry) gives rise to multiple blast wave interactions and unique flow complexities, significantly increasing the difficulty of loading predictions. This review identifies commonly agreed-upon concepts or behaviours that are utilised to describe urban shock wave propagation, such as channelling and shielding, in conjunction with exploring urban characterisation metrics that aim to predict the effects on global blast loading for an urban blast. Likewise, discrepancies and contradictions are highlighted to promote key areas that require further work and clarification. Multiple numerical modelling programmes are acknowledged to showcase their ability to act as a means of validation and a preliminary testing tool. The findings contained within this review aim to inform future research decisions and topics better.

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“…To help identify the most appropriate self-repeating shape, the following observations were made based in a review of relevant literature (Isaac et al, 2022):…”

Section: Fractal Design Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To help identify the most appropriate self-repeating shape, the following observations were made based in a review of relevant literature (Isaac et al, 2022):Lower porosity or a high blockage factor is the key contributor to blast mitigation (Chaudhuri et al, 2013; Dosanjh, 1956; Epstein and Kudryavtsev, 2012; Monti, 1970; Xiao et al, 2017). A flat frontal area of an obstacle is more effective (at mitigating loading) than a curved or pointed obstacle shape (Chaudhuri et al, 2013)Within the obstacle, a volume decrease followed by an increase along the blast wave transmission path enhances attenuation (Zong et al, 2017).…”

Section: Fractal Design Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental investigation of blast mitigation of pre-fractal obstacles

Isaac

Alshammari

Clarke

et al. 2022

International Journal of Protective Structures

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Obstacles arranged into a pre-fractal shape (Sierpinski carpet) were tested for their blast attenuation abilities using 250 g PE4 at three different scaled distances ( Z = 1.87, 2.24, 2.99 m/kg1/3). Three pre-fractal iterations were tested, as well as free-field tests for comparative purposes. Reductions in peak overpressure up to 26% and peak specific impulse up to 19% were observed, attributed to a mechanism known as ‘trapping’. This mechanism is characterised by a reduction in the ability of a blast wave to advect downstream, with corresponding increases in pressure observed within the bounds of the pre-fractal obstacle. Attenuation magnitudes and areas of reduced pressure and impulse were found to be drastically different with each pre-fractal iteration, with a transition from shadowing to wave trapping as the obstacles more closely resembled true fractals. A linear dependence on a newly-defined obstruction factor ( OF) was found for arrival time, overpressure and impulse at the sensor locations, suggesting that the attenuation of a pre-fractal obstacle is inherently determinable. The results indicate that the mechanism of blast mitigation of pre-fractal obstacles is fundamentally different from singular or arrays of regular obstacles, and could be exploited further to develop novel protective structures with enhanced blast attenuation.

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Blast wave interaction with structures – An overview

Cited by 12 publications

References 114 publications

Injury and death to armored passenger-vehicle occupants and ground personnel from explosive shock waves

Injury and death to armored passenger-vehicle occupants and ground personnel from explosive shock waves

A Review of Blast Loading in the Urban Environment

Experimental investigation of blast mitigation of pre-fractal obstacles

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