Objective: The primary objective of this study is to report on thelong-term efficacy and tolerability of pentosan polysulphate sodium(PPS) in patients with bladder pain syndrome (BPS). The secondaryobjective is to find the predictors of the long-term outcome.Methods: This is a single institution, retrospective study. The studyperiod was from 1994 to 2008. All patients fulfilled the clinicalcriteria of BPS, as suggested by European Society for the Study ofInterstitial Cystitis. We included only patients with de novo BPSdiagnosis and no previous PPS or other treatment. The efficacyof PPS was measured with the global response assessment scale(GRA). Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on the durationof the treatment. Group 1 took the drug for less than 12 months.Group 2 took the drug for more than 12 months.Results: There were 271 patients eligible for the study. Most of thepatients were female (90%), with the mean age at presentation of45.5 years. The average duration of symptoms was 28.5 months.The mean follow-up was 22 months (range 3-130). Out of all thepatients, 147 patients (54.2%) reported over 50% improvementusing the GRA. The reported efficacy was higher in Group 2 (60%).Ninety-three patients (34.3%) decided to stop taking the medicationfor various reasons. The most common reasons to stop themedication were poor outcome (16.6% of patients) and side effects(11.1% of patients). Poor outcome was associated with nocturia,smoking and detrusor overactivity. Good outcome was associatedwith longer PPS intake (>12 months) and severe cystoscopic findingsof glomerulation.Conclusion: Pentosan polysulphate sodium is an effective oraltherapy to control the symptoms of BPS with good long-term efficacyand tolerability.