Bladder Carcinoma Producing Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor: A Case Report

Abstract

A 67-year-old man with squamous cell bladder carcinoma showed remarkable leukocytosis (maximum 50,300 per microliter.) for 4 months while the neoplasm recurred and metastasis progressed. The patient died of systemic metastasis within 9 months after cystectomy. Enzyme immunoassay of the serum demonstrated remarkably high levels of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (4,928 pg./ml.). Immunohistochemical examination with anti-granulocyte colony-stimulating factor monoclonal antibody demonstrated granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production in the metastatic cancer cells in the liver. The expression of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor gene in the tumor specimens was examined by standard Northern blot analysis. Specific granulocyte colony-stimulating factor transcript was identified in the total ribonucleic acid fraction extracted from a tumor specimen of the peritoneal metastatic lesion. These results indicated that the autonomous production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in this bladder carcinoma induced paraneoplastic leukocytosis.

Prostate Cancer-Producing Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

“…Our case showed an aggressive clinical course as reported in G-CSF-producing tumors originating from other organs [7,9] . The production of such a hematopoietic factor seems to have prognostic implications in prostate cancer, too.…”

“…Several cases with G-CSF-producing cancer of the lung and urinary bladder have been reported in which the G-CSF genes were expressed even in the primary tumor specimens and in which leukocytosis became overt after the tumors metastasized [7] . The present case also showed leukocytosis during the course of the disease despite a normal white blood cell count at diagnosis.…”

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach with paraneoplastic leukocytosis: a case report and review of literature

“…In some patients, the leukocytosis has an identifiable nonparaneoplastic etiology, most commonly infection, tumor necrosis, or glucocorticoid administration; none of these causes were identified in our patient. Leukocytosis with apparent expression of granulocytecolony stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been previously reported in SCC of the uterine cervix [10], urinary bladder [11], ureter [12], head and neck [13], and lung [14]. Although serum studies for elevated G-CSF were not performed in this case, it is likely that the gastric SCC was in some way associated with the patient's persistent leukocytosis given the rapid resolution after surgical removal of the neoplasm.…”

A Case of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor–Producing Spindle Cell Carcinoma of the Breast

“…Most G-CSFeproducing tumors are poorly differentiated and are likely to develop distant metastases. 8,11,12,[14][15][16][17][19][20][21][22] G-CSF stimulated the growth of a nonhematopoietic malignant cell line in vivo, 28 and G-CSF was also considered to be a major autocrine growth factor in rapid tumor proliferation and metastasis. 29 It has also been suggested that G-CSF has a priming effect on platelet aggregation and thrombin generation and subsequently induces a hypercoagulable state.…”