Blacks in Rural America: Socioeconomic Status and Policies to Enhance Economic Well-Being

Allen-Smith, Joyce E.

doi:10.1007/bf02689977

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…This finding aligns with other research showing racial and ethnic disparities in health and health care among rural residents, with particular disadvantages for rural non-Hispanic black residents. [35][36][37][38] Future research should seek to better understand this finding, including whether it varies by state or region and to identify effective solutions to address it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Social Isolation and Its Relationship to Health by Rurality

Henning‐Smith

Moscovice

Kozhimannil

2019

The Journal of Rural Health

118

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Purpose Social isolation is an urgent threat to public health. Meanwhile, health outcomes across multiple measures are worse in rural areas, where distance to neighbors is often greater and opportunities for social interaction may be scarcer. Still, very little research examines rural‐urban differences in social isolation. This study addresses that gap by examining differences in social isolation by rurality among US older adults. Methods Using Wave 2 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project data (n = 2,439), we measured differences between urban and rural (micropolitan or noncore) residents across multiple dimensions of social isolation. We also conducted multivariable analysis to assess the associations between rurality, sociodemographic characteristics, and loneliness, overall and by rurality. Finally, we conducted multivariable analysis to assess the association between social isolation and self‐rated health, adjusting for rurality. Findings Compared to urban residents, rural residents had more social relationships and micropolitan rural residents were more likely to be able to rely on family members (95.8% vs 91.3%, P < .05). Micropolitan rural residents reported lower rates of loneliness than urban residents after adjusting for sociodemographic and health characteristics (b = –0.32, P < .05), whereas noncore rural, non‐Hispanic black residents had a greater likelihood of reporting loneliness (b = 4.33, P < .001). Conclusions Overall, noncore and micropolitan rural residents reported less social isolation and more social relationships than urban residents. However, there were differences by race and ethnicity among rural residents in perceived loneliness. Policies and programs to address social isolation should be tailored by geography and should account for within‐rural differences in risk factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Social Isolation and Its Relationship to Health by Rurality

Henning‐Smith

Moscovice

Kozhimannil

2019

The Journal of Rural Health

118

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“…however, research indicates that non-metropolitan African Americans are particularly susceptible to economic fluctuations and operate at a continual state of economic marginality (Allen-Smith 1994;Davis 1994;Jensen 1994;Jensen and Tienda 1989;Saenz and Thomas 1991).…”

Section: Iviacroeconomic Change: Consequences For Urban and Nonmetro mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is surprising considering that macroeconomic downturns of the 1970s and 1980s have been linked to high rates of joblessness, poverty, and overall decline in urban African American communities (Eggers and Massey 1992;Wilson 1987Wilson , 1996. Similarly, recent demographic and economic trends in many southern states have also decreased opportunities for African Americans (Allen-Smith 1994;Bellamy and Parks 1994;Jensen 1994). More importantly, many areas of the southern United States have a legacy of pervasive poverty that has existed even while the national economy has 56 remained steady (Deseran and Singelmarm 1993).…”

Section: Selection Of Study Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic stress and depressive symptoms among southern African American women: an examination of mediating and moderating factors

Brown

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This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfibn master. UMI fihns the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer.The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book.Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Despite the seemingly dismal status of African American women, a more positive image is evident in the literature. As a group, they have been known to utilize support from fictive and non-fictive kin, and religion to overcome obstacles typically viewed as insurmountable (Gibbs and Fuery 1994;Giddings 1984;Jackson and Sears 1992;Jones 1983;Ladner 1971;Stack 1974). Few studies address the specific ways in which Afiican American women cope with institutional oppression and other forms of life stress, but those that do suggest that social support helps to reduce feelings of stress for African American women (McAdoo 1986(McAdoo , 1995. Furthermore, in studies that relate solely to African American mental health, Aihcan American women have been found to utilize prayer as a primary coping mechanism ). UMIConsidering the sociopolitical and economic status of many African American women, as well as the coping strategies they have used to undermine stressful situations, more scholars seemingly would take an interest in the contribution that stress-particularly economic stress-plays in determining the well-being of this group. States is such that any person of color is more likely to report more stressful life events and higher levels of stress than Whites (Smith 1985). Whereas there may be some truth to this conclusion, it says nothii;g ciosut the specific types of life experiences that differentially impact people's lives. Furthermore, it results in analyses where the researcher merely compares African Americans and Whites with regard to some type of mental health outcome or quality of life indicator (Antunes et al 1977;Carr and Krause 1978;Cockerham 1990; Jones-Webb 1993;Linn, Husaini, and Whitten-Stoval 199...

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“…For instance, issues of increased unemployment, low income levels, decreased job opportum'ties, and persistent poverty have proven problematic for many people who reside in nonmetropolitan places (Tickameyer and Duncan 1990). These types of changes affect entire communities: however, research indicates that non-metropolitan African Americans are particularly susceptible to economic fluctuations and operate at a continual state of economic marginality (Allen-Smith 1994;Davis 1994;Jensen 1994;Jensen and Tienda 1989;Saenz and Thomas 1991).…”

Section: Americansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is surprising considering that macroeconomic downturns of the 1970s and 1980s have been linked to high rates of joblessness, poverty, and overall decline in urban African American communities (Eggers and Massey 1992;Wilson 1987Wilson , 1996. Similarly, recent demographic and economic trends in many southern states have also decreased opportunities for African Americans (Allen-Smith 1994;Bellamy and Parks 1994;Jensen 1994). More importantly, many areas of the southern United States have a legacy of pervasive poverty that has existed even while the national economy has remained steady (Deseran and Singelmarm 1993).…”

Section: Selection Of Study Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic stress and depressive symptoms among southern African American women: an examination of mediating and moderating factors

Brown

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Blacks in Rural America: Socioeconomic Status and Policies to Enhance Economic Well-Being

Cited by 11 publications

References 1 publication

Differences in Social Isolation and Its Relationship to Health by Rurality

Differences in Social Isolation and Its Relationship to Health by Rurality

Economic stress and depressive symptoms among southern African American women: an examination of mediating and moderating factors

Economic stress and depressive symptoms among southern African American women: an examination of mediating and moderating factors

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