Black Start Service from Offshore Wind Power Plant using IBESS

Abstract

The share of renewables in the power system is increasing rapidly. Large offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are developed at a high pace and conventional fossil fuel-based plants are decommissioned. Consequently, there will be a risk of insufficient amount of power plants providing black start functionality for system restoration after a black out. This paper proposes a STATCOM with a battery energy storage that is located at the point of common connection to an OWPP that together can provide a reliable black start services to the power grid. The concept is demonstrated by using time domain simulations in PSCAD. The STATCOM functionality provides fast and dynamic reactive power management and the battery unit provides active power balancing capability to maintain the frequency within a tolerable range specified by the system operator. The simulation results fulfill the success criteria for the black start and confirm its feasibility for practical implementation.

Power Electronics Technology for Large-Scale Renewable Energy Generation

“…Furthermore, to enhance the grid integration of largescale REN systems, the operation of inverter-based resources can be improved by integrating large-scale energy storage (ES). That is, the development of advanced ES technologies is important [30], [31], [32], [33]. ES systems can be a buffer to balance and/or ease the management of the variable power generation from REN resources and the load demands.…”

Survey of Power System Restoration Documents Issued from 2016 to 2021

“…Similarly, [102] has described challenges faced by offshore wind farms to provide black-start service and also, proposed different solutions to overcome the incident problems. Besides the time-domain simulation results proposed in [103], this paper has introduced the capability of an offshore wind power plant along with STATCOM (which can provide fast and dynamic reactive power management) and a battery energy storage (which is able to regulate frequency by injecting active power) installed at the point of common coupling of the wind farm in providing a reliable black-start service. Furthermore, [104] has presented control schemes for grid-forming offshore wind farms and HVDC converters.…”

“…the sequence of switching [93] Comparison of different black start units [57] Graph theory-based islanding (parallel restoration) [59] DPSO based-islanding (parallel restoration) [61] Grid partitioning based on virus propagation model [69] A procedural approach to check the feasibility of a restoration strategy [86] An optimization to control SPA and minimize unsupplied load in bottomup restoration [89] Grid code for great Britain [33] UK dep. for business, energy and industrial strategy electricity, system restoration standard [31] California ISO, reliability coordinator area restoration Plan [30] PJM manual, system restoration [29] System restoration plan [28] IGMC, executive method for restoration [27] Review on network reconfigure-tion [4] Analyzing black-start capability of wind farms [103] Determination of optimal path to NBSUs considering priority and loads characteristics [78] PMUs sequential restoration plan [56] 2022 Principles and practices of restoration [11] in the black-start procedure have been assessed. Also, in this paper, time-domain simulations have been used to analyze the performance of VSC-HVDC for soft energization of major generating units.…”

Integrating black start capabilities into offshore wind farms by grid‐forming batteries

“…However, the battery is not a GFM unit and there are no discussions on black start operation. In [18,19], a novel type of device, consisting of integrated STATCOM and BESS is introduced in the OWF to perform island operation and black start. The device, defined as IBESS, is a GFM unit, nonetheless, no discussion on the additional solutions is shown to perform a real black start.…”