“…During Jim Crow, emancipation from slavery was travestied by economic arrangements that coerced participation in sharecropping and domestic labor as the sole means of subsistence by foreclosing alternative means, as well as, by punishing with racial terror, imprisonment, and forced labor those who refused (Collins, 2009;Haley, 2016). Throughout most of the 20th century, Black men and women were generally denied breadwinner wages, union protections, voting rights, and equal access to favorable housing markets, public assistance, and veterans' benefits (Burden-Stelly and Dean, 2022;Johnson, 2010;Massey and Denton, 1993;Taylor, 2019). In addition, Black peoples' entrepreneurialism has historically received a fraction of investments, and when successful against the odds, has become subjected to racist terrorism to minimize competition and assert dominance, jeopardizing Black livelihoods (DuMonthier et al, 2017;Marable, 2015).…”