Black Phosphorus: Properties, Synthesis, and Applications in Energy Conversion and Storage

Xue, Yinghui; Zhang, Qin; Zhang, Tao; Fu, Lei

doi:10.1002/cnma.201700030

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(85 reference statements)

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“…www.advancedsciencenews.com magnitude smaller than other 2D layered materials (i.e., 1 TPa for graphene), [90,91] which is suitable to be applied in flexible devices. Nevertheless, the extremely limited ambient stability caused by air, water, and even light of layered BP is a severe concern.…”

Section: Properties Of Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Phosphorus‐Based Materials for Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

Wei

Zhang

et al. 2018

Advanced Energy Materials

163

128

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High‐performance and lost‐cost lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries are highly desirable for a wide range of applications including portable electronic devices, transportation (e.g., electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, etc.), and renewable energy storage systems. Great research efforts have been devoted to developing alternative anode materials with superior electrochemical properties since the anode materials used are closely related to the capacity and safety characteristics of the batteries. With the theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g−1, phosphorus is considered to be the highest capacity anode material for sodium‐ion batteries and one of the most attractive anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. This work provides a comprehensive study on the most recent advancements in the rational design of phosphorus‐based anode materials for both lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries. The currently available approaches to phosphorus‐based composites along with their merits and challenges are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, some present underpinning issues and future prospects for the further development of advanced phosphorus‐based materials for energy storage/conversion systems are discussed.

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Section: Properties Of Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Phosphorus‐Based Materials for Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

Wei

Zhang

et al. 2018

Advanced Energy Materials

163

128

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“…The weak interlayer interactions in bulk 2D materials allows their smooth exfoliation into nanosheets, often resulting in dramatic changes to their properties. BP displays extraordinary properties in mono‐ and few‐layer form and shows promise in electronic, [ 2c,4 ] energy storage, [ 5 ] catalysis, [ 6 ] sensing, [ 7 ] medical, [ 8 ] and lubrication [ 9 ] applications. Unlike graphene or TMDs, BP displays a layer tunable bandgap and exfoliation of bulk BP into phosphorene nanosheets changes its bandgap from ≈0.3 eV in bulk BP, to ≈1.5 eV for monolayer BP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Black Phosphorus and Strategies to Enhance Its Ambient Lifetime

Druenen

2020

Adv Materials Inter

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water resulting in rapid decomposition, [12] making processing of the material challenging and resulting in detrimental effects on its optical and electronic properties. [13] The ambient degradation of BP presents a significant hurdle to realizing the full potential of BP in various applications. The successful application of BP will rely either on its exclusion from the factors that contribute to its degradation or protection methods that prevent its degradation in ambient conditions. Literature reports that have studied the degradation chemistry of BP have revealed some conflicting results regarding the effect of water, oxygen and light, indicating that BP has a complex surface chemistry. The indepth characterization of BP degradation is critical for the development of new protection strategies and progress of the material and its applications. The role of the surface oxide as a passivation layer that stabilizes BP has also created some debate between researchers. Although a stabilizing oxide has been reported in theoretical studies, [14] experimental reports question the challenges of creating a self-limiting surface oxide on BP. [15] Protection of BP can also be accomplished by capping layers, [13c,16] functionalization, [17] solvent passivation, [10b] or the incorporation of polymers. [18] Ambient degradation can be suppressed by covalent functionalization where chemical binding of molecules to the reactive lone pairs on the surface prevent decomposition. [17] Noncovalent functionalization can also be employed, which inhibits degradation by passivating BP nanoflakes through noncovalent interactions. [17b] Solvent passivation forms a protective barrier against oxidants while polymer coatings, or the formation of BP-polymer hybrids enhances its oxidation resistance while also modifying its properties. This review outlines the factors that influence the oxidation of BP from a surface chemistry perspective, including the effect of water, oxygen, and light on the degradation of BP, as well as elucidation of the oxidation mechanism through analysis of BP exposed to single oxidants and evaluation of the oxidation products. Additionally, an overview of current advances in the protection strategies for BP is presented. 2. Structure, Properties, and Exfoliation of BP BP has an orthorhombic crystal structure and consists of layers of phosphorene held together by van der Waals interactions, as depicted in Figure 1a. [19] The individual layers of phosphorene consist of phosphorus atoms covalently bound Exfoliation of black phosphorus (BP) into phosphorene has led to the discovery of its semiconducting properties and tunable bandgap, enabling its use in a range of applications including transistors, batteries, and sensors. However, BP's ambient instability poses a considerable challenge to its incorporation into functional devices. Observed changes to the surface chemistry of BP during degradation has recently provided insight into the degradation pathways. In this review, degradation mechanisms are discussed including th...

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“…Recently, BP has been intensively studied as an anode material and is considered to be a potential alternative for conventional anode materials. The bulk phosphorus material shows high energy capacity [166][167][168] (2600 mAh g −1 ) with low diffusion energy barrier (0.035 eV and 0.064 eV for Li and Na batteries, respectively) theoretically [165]. During charging, the alkali atoms intercalate into BP layers along zigzag direction accompanied by subsequent expansion along armchair direction because of the shifting from layers.…”

Section: Phase Transition and Solvothermal Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rechargeable Li-ion batteries with excellent cycling stability [158,[170][171][172][173], high storage capacity and energy density [160,168,[174][175][176][177] are the dominant energy storage units for consumer electronics [178][179][180] such as smartphones and tablets [177]. Based above merits, Zhao et al [181] calculated the energy storage capability of phosphorene in Li-ion batteries through first-principle methods.…”

Section: Thin-layer Bp As Anodementioning

confidence: 99%

Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus Nanomaterials: Emerging Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage Science

Cheng

Gao

et al. 2020

Nano-Micro Lett.

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HIGHLIGHTS • Two-dimensional black phosphorus (2D BP) possesses huge potential in electrochemical energy storage field owing to its unique electronic structure, high charge carrier mobility, and large interlayer spacing. • Comparison on the different preparation methods and processes, characteristics, and applications of few-layer BP is presented. • The applications of 2D BP in electrochemical energy storage devices in these years are well reviewed. ABSTRACT Two-dimensional black phosphorus (2D BP), well known as phosphorene, has triggered tremendous attention since the first discovery in 2014. The unique puckered monolayer structure endows 2D BP intriguing properties, which facilitate its potential applications in various fields, such as catalyst, energy storage, sensor, etc. Owing to the large surface area, good electric conductivity, and high theoretical specific capacity, 2D BP has been widely studied as electrode materials and significantly enhanced the performance of energy storage devices. With the rapid development of energy storage devices based on 2D BP, a timely review on this topic is in demand to further extend the application of 2D BP in energy storage. In this review, recent advances in experimental and theoretical development of 2D BP are presented along with its structures, properties, and synthetic methods. Particularly, their emerging applications in electrochemical energy storage, including Li − /K − /Mg − /Na-ion, Li-S batteries, and supercapacitors, are systematically summarized with milestones as well as the challenges. Benefited from the fast-growing dynamic investigation of 2D BP, some possible improvements and constructive perspectives are provided to guide the design of 2D BP-based energy storage devices with high performance.

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Black Phosphorus: Properties, Synthesis, and Applications in Energy Conversion and Storage

Cited by 35 publications

References 72 publications

Advanced Phosphorus‐Based Materials for Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

Advanced Phosphorus‐Based Materials for Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives

Degradation of Black Phosphorus and Strategies to Enhance Its Ambient Lifetime

Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus Nanomaterials: Emerging Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage Science

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