Black Phosphorus Nanosheets Integrated with Gold Nanoparticles and Polypyrrole for Synergistic Sonodynamic and Photothermal Cancer Therapy

Abstract

Intractable cancer has threatened human health all the time. Emerging sonodynamic and photothermal therapy based on biocompatible black phosphorus (BP) nanomaterials have become an attractive strategy due to the satisfactory synergistic effect, low side effect, and good biocompatibility. However, sonodynamic therapy of pure black phosphorus nanosheets (BPS) is limited for fast electron recombination owing to its special band gap. To solve this challenge, the modified nanocomposites (NCs) integrating gold nanoparticles and polypyrrole (PPy) with BPS were harvested through a moderate approach. The nanocomposites showed the superior in vitro sonodynamic and photothermal conversion effect through tumor cells. Moreover, compared with most of the reported two-dimensional nanomaterials, it was demonstrated that Au-BPS-PPy-PEG nanocomposites (i.e., GBP-PEG NCs) have the advantages of the synergistic therapeutic effect and ignorable side effect through the 4T1-bearing tumor model and biocompatible evaluation, respectively, attributing to the enhanced electron transfer capacity, good biocompatibility of BPS, and prominent photothermal conversion capacity of PPy. The above results indicate that the prepared NCs have good application prospects in the field of biomaterials for cancer therapy.

Design Strategies of Tumor‐Targeted Delivery Systems Based on 2D Nanomaterials

“…For example, theranostic platforms integrating collaborative chemotherapy, PTT, radiotherapy, and imaging diagnosis have been designed and verified to be useful for imaging diagnosis and enhanced tumor treatment. [158,159] However, the future clinical applications of 2D NMs still face great challenges. The major barrier is their long-term safety, especially for substances that are not biodegradable in vivo.…”

“…For example, theranostic platforms integrating collaborative chemotherapy, PTT, radiotherapy, and imaging diagnosis have been designed and verified to be useful for imaging diagnosis and enhanced tumor treatment. [ 158,159 ]…”

Biodistribution, degradability and clearance of 2D materials for their biomedical applications

“…After treatment, the tumor inhibition rate of the experimental group reached nearly 78%, indicating the excellent anti-cancer effect of sonodynamic therapy based on 2D materials. In another study, 37 Chen et al used Au-modified BP nanosheets as sonodynamic agents for breast cancer therapy. They found that the sonodynamic performance of BP was significantly decreased after three sonications, indicating ultrasound-induced degradation of BP, as shown in Fig.…”

Cordyceps sinensis Polysaccharide Loaded on Black Phosphorus for Synergistic Immunotherapy and Photothermal Therapy of Cancer

“…Moreover, the photosensitizing function and nontoxicity of BP result in an ideal platform for antitumor photothermal therapy (PTT) . Several reports are on the antitumor effects of BP-based drug delivery systems. − However, these nanocarriers are primarily loaded with small-molecule drugs and nucleotides instead of bioactive macromolecules. In addition, polydopamine is most widely used for drug delivery applications, including photothermal and targeted therapies. − Nevertheless, immunotherapy and PTT can synergistically inhibit tumor cells using multiple mechanisms, such as improving ferroptosis for synergistic photothermal-IDO immunotherapy. , …”