Black Phosphorus Nanosheet with High Thermal Conversion Efficiency for Photodynamic/Photothermal/Immunotherapy

Abstract

The synergistic treatment through multiple treatment methods can effectively improve the effect of tumor treatment. Phototherapy and immunotherapy are two innovative and promising cancer diagnosis and treatment methods, so they are good candidates for collaborative diagnosis and treatment. Here we report a new inorganic nanosystem, which uses ultrathin black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets (minimum: 13 nm) as carriers and equips with up-conversion luminescence (UCL) nanoparticles as imaging probes, so that the system can generate photothermal and photodynamic effects to treat tumors together with immunotherapy. Especially, the photothermal conversion efficiency can reach 30.84% under the 980 nm laser, which is significantly higher than the conventional Au nanoparticles including nanostars (22.63%) and Au nanorods (23.33%). When the system works in conjunction with immunotherapy, it not only shows a good ability to treat tumors but also can inhibit tumors for a long time and prevent recurrence. Different from the past, in this work, we not only use this strategy to evaluate the performance during the treatment cycle but also observe the mice after the treatment to verify the long-term effect of suppressing tumors. Overall, this study reveals a new inorganic nanosystem and proposes a new strategy for treating tumors in combination with immunotherapy. The present work illustrates the new opportunities for the treatment of primary tumors.

Recent Trends in Photoacoustic Imaging Techniques for 2D Nanomaterial-Based Phototherapy

“…Black phosphoruses (BP) are the most stable allotropes of phosphorus with zigzag or armchair bilayer structures. BP have shown potential in biomedical applications with their strong optical absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) and NIR regions [ 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 ]. They have also demonstrated promising biocompatibility and biodegradation [ 101 ].…”

“… 2D Nanomaterials Photothermal Conversion Therapy Applied Forms Ref. Graphene derivatives 63% (G), 35% (GO) [ 59 ] PTT, PDT GO-UCNPs-ZnPc [ 61 ] PTT GO/MnFe 2 O 4 /DOX [ 62 ] TiO 2 40.8% [ 86 ] PTT Ag@TiO 2 [ 82 ] PDT N-TiO 2 [ 81 ] MoS 2 0.84% [ 67 ] PTT MoS 2 -HA-DTPA-Gd [ 71 ] PTT, PDT AuNBPs@MoS 2 [ 72 ] PTT MoS 2 -Gd-BSA [ 73 ] BP 30.84% [ 97 ] …”

A molybdenum oxide-based degradable nanosheet for combined chemo-photothermal therapy to improve tumor immunosuppression and suppress distant tumors and lung metastases

“…Among all the materials, the inorganic materials are attracting particular attention for cancer treatment with super high drug loading (could be as high as 2 times of the carrier weight), controllable size and PTT effect [ 11 , 12 ]. However, unlike organic materials that are enzyme-degradable in our body, inorganic materials show difficulty in degradability and possess a risk of aggregation and accumulation in the body, leading to extreme toxicity.…”

Black phosphorus conjugation of chemotherapeutic ginsenoside Rg3: enhancing targeted multimodal nanotheranostics against lung cancer metastasis

“…Most efforts are focused on nanomedicine for cancer in developing therapeutic techniques to enhance physical–chemical properties, such as the parameters of 3 S (size, structure, and surface) and electrostatic interactions (Nguyen et al., 2019 ; Qian et al., 2019 ; Xu et al., 2020 ). However, nanocomposites' properties have rarely been evaluated as tumor killers or as site-accurate vehicles for tumor control.…”