Black Phosphorus/Hollow Porous Carbon for High Rate Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery

Abstract

Black phosphorus (BP) has received wide attention due to its high theoretical capacity (2596 mAh g−1) and good electron mobility, but its cyclic stability is poor. Meanwhile, it can be complementary to carbon material, which has low theoretical capacity but good cycle stability. In this work, we use solvothermal reaction to modify hard carbon materials with black phosphorous (BP). When used as anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, the composite will show a higher specific capacity, cyclic stability and rate performance. It shows a high reversible capacity of 350 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g−1 current density. But for pure carbon, it only shows a general reversible capacity of 180 mAh g−1. Here, the lower content of black phosphorous and the use of hard carbon materials make the material more economically advantageous. And it can be used as an ideal material for cycling at high currents in the future.

Printed Electronics Based on 2D Material Inks: Preparation, Properties, and Applications toward Memristors

“…Its layer space facilitates the insertion and exhalation of ions, making it potentially applicable for energy storage. [61,62] Due to its unique folded crystal structure, BP features great tensile and extrusion properties in the atomic plane. [63] Consequently, BP can generate strain by applying an external force on the crystal, and then adjust the change of electronic band structure between its semi-metallic state and insulating state, which can be used for mechanical and electronic sensing.…”

The development, application, and performance of black phosphorus in energy storage and conversion

“…Reproduced with permission. 61 Copyright 2020, Wiley. (h) Schematic illustration of the free-standing BP@NC anodes.…”

“…Zhou et al firstly prepared HPC by hydrothermally treating sodium dodecyl sulfate and glucose dissolved in water and then synthesized BP/HPC hybrid composite through solvothermal treatment. 61 Compared to bare HPC, the synthetic composite material (BP/HPC) has a specific capacity of 300 mAh g -1 approximately twice as high as that of HPC (170 mAh g -1 ) (Figure 7g). Additionally, there will be a slight capacity increase from 300 mAh g -1 to 350 mAh g -1 even after 1000 cycles, indicating its great potential as commercial lithium-ion battery anode materials.…”

Stable Cycle Performance of a Phosphorus Negative Electrode in Lithium-Ion Batteries Derived from Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

“…As a solution, carbon composite P (P/C) has been employed to increase electrical conductivity and mitigate the massive volume changes. [16][17] Likewise, imbedding red P into conductive carbon nanostructures such as nanospheres or nanofibers has also been found to bring out high cycleability and rate capability in this class of materials. [18][19] However, noteworthy drawbacks to this approach include; increased electrolyte decomposition caused by the large surface area of the nanostructures and reduced tap density due to the high porosity of the resulting composite electrodes.…”

“…Phosphorus-based materials have also drawn considerable attention as negative electrode materials owing to their high theoretical capacities (∼2596 mAh g –1 ) and abundant resources. , However, low electrical conductivity (∼10 –14 S cm –1 ) and large volume changes during charging and discharging heavily afflict their practicality. As a solution, carbon composite P (P/C) has been employed to increase the electrical conductivity and mitigate the massive volume changes. , Likewise, embedding red P into conductive carbon nanostructures such as nanospheres or nanofibers has also been found to bring out high cyclability and rate capability in this class of materials. , However, noteworthy drawbacks to this approach include increased electrolyte decomposition caused by the large surface area of the nanostructures and reduced tap density due to the high porosity of the resulting composite electrodes. Furthermore, the complex synthesis processes involved inhibit the scalability of nanostructured P/C composites.…”