Black Phosphorus, a Rising Star 2D Nanomaterial in the Post‐Graphene Era: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Photocatalysis Applications

Li, Bisheng; Lai, Cui; Zeng, Guangming; Huang, Danlian; Qin, Lei; Zhang, Mingming; Cheng, Min; Yi, Huan; Zhou, Chengyun; Huang, Fanglong; Liu, Shiyu; Fu, Yukui

doi:10.1002/smll.201804565

Cited by 270 publications

(176 citation statements)

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“…Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are a family of 2DLMs in the form of MX 2 compounds, where M is a transition metal (Mo, W, Re) and X is a chalcogen (S, Se, Te). TMDCs are promising for electronic applications due to their semiconducting behaviour as opposed to semi-metallic graphene, and better thermal stability than materials such as black phosphorus and silicene [14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Articles in the field of optoelectronics and photonics are roughly 10% of the total published articles. Black phosphorus has been wellstudied due to its interesting material properties, but its technological relevance is low due to lack of air-stability [15,16]. It is interesting to observe that the number of reports on heterostructure (HS) devices is larger than that for almost any single material.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Optoelectronic and photonic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides

Thakar

Lodha

2020

Mater. Res. Express

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Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are a family of two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) with extraordinary optical properties. They present an attractive option for future multifunctional and high-performance optoelectronics. However, much remains to be done to realize a mature technology for commercial applications. In this review article, we describe the progress and scope of TMDC devices in optical and photonic applications. Various photoresponse mechanisms observed in such devices and a brief discussion on measurement and analysis methods are described. Three main types of optoelectronic devices, namely photodetectors, photovoltaics and lightemitting devices are discussed in detail with a focus on device architecture and operation. Examples showing experimental integration of 2DLM-based devices with silicon photonics are also discussed briefly. A wide range of data for key performance metrics is analysed with insights into future directions for device design, processing and characterization that can help overcome present gaps and challenges. While the field is still in its infancy and requires significant efforts toward standardizing various approaches towards a mature technology, it has already shown promising results in broader aspects of compatibility, integration and performance for future electronics. Sensors are increasingly becoming an integrated part of the global electronic eco-system with the rise of data-driven technologies. There is a growing need for networks of cost-effective, robust and reliable sensors and their integration with present technologies. Optoelectronic and photonic devices are of importance for both sensing as well as high-speed optical communication applications. 2DLMs demonstrate significant light-matter interaction that is tunable with external physical and electronic parameters such as pressure, strain, electric and magnetic field [1-6]. Moreover, 2DLMs show strong dependence of their band structure on thickness with a transition to direct bandgap in monolayers in most of the known 2DLMs [7][8][9]. Graphene has been the most studied material since its discovery in 2004 [10][11][12]. Apart from graphene, there are nearly 1500 possible 2DLMs with a wide range of material properties as predicted by first principle simulations [13]. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are a family of 2DLMs in the form of MX 2 compounds, where M is a transition metal (Mo, W, Re) and X is a chalcogen (S, Se, Te). TMDCs are promising for electronic applications due to their semiconducting behaviour as opposed to semi-metallic graphene, and better thermal stability than materials such as black phosphorus and silicene [14][15][16][17][18][19]. Optoelectronic devices based on TMDCsTMDCs have been the most studied 2DLMs, apart from graphene and black phosphorus, for electronic and optoelectronic device applications [20,21]. They have a sizeable bandgap in the visible and near infrared (NIR) range (∼1-2 eV) that is optimal for optoelectronic sensors and light-emitting sources for short-ran...

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Optoelectronic and photonic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides

Thakar

Lodha

2020

Mater. Res. Express

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“…It is found that the valance band maximum (VBM) and conduction band maximum (CBM) shift away from each other on decreasing thickness of phosphorene from 5 to 1 L with a concomitant increase in the work function from 4.5 eV (5 L) to 5.16 eV (1 L) . The band structure of phosphorene near VBM and CBM is mainly contributed by p z , unlike graphene whose VB and CB are fully contributed by p y orbital . Depending on the methods, the calculated bandgaps vary in the 0.10–0.36 eV range for bulk BP and 1.0–2.0 eV for mono‐layer phosphorene .…”

Section: Synthesis Structure and Propertymentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The band structure of phosphorene near VBM and CBM is mainly contributed by p z , unlike graphene whose VB and CB are fully contributed by p y orbital . Depending on the methods, the calculated bandgaps vary in the 0.10–0.36 eV range for bulk BP and 1.0–2.0 eV for mono‐layer phosphorene . In the same way, the experimentally measured bandgaps depend on the method of preparation and measurements (Table ).…”

Section: Synthesis Structure and Propertymentioning

confidence: 99%

2D Elemental Nanomaterials Beyond Graphene

2019

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Graphene is a well‐known 2D material with potential applications. In recent years, 2D materials of other elements have come to the fore. These are borophene in group III, silicene, germanene and stanene in group IV and phosphorene, arsenene, antimonene and bismuthene in group V. In this article, we discuss the synthesis, structure and properties of the elemental 2D materials beyond graphene. Of the various elemental 2D materials, borophene, silicene and phosphorene are interesting in terms of stability and properties leading to possible applications. We have described potential applications of other 2D materials as well.

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“…It mainly exists in four allotropes, including white phosphorus (WP), red phosphorus (RP), violet phosphorus (VP), and black phosphorus (BP). Compared to the flammable WP as well as to poorly conductive RP and VP, BP with layered structure is the most thermodynamically stable one, featuring high conductivity, tunable direct bandgap, and anisotropic properties . In particular, the successful exfoliation of bulk BP into phosphorene through mechanical method or liquid‐phase sonication additionally brings out more exposed active sites and shortened ions pathways in comparison with the bulk counterpart .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorene‐Based Electrocatalysts

Dinh

Zhang

Zhu

et al. 2020

Chemistry A European J

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Phosphorene, generally defined as two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (BP) with monolayered or few-layered structure, has emerged as ap romising member of the family of 2D materials.S ince its discoveryi n2 014, extensive research has been focusedo nb roadening its applications, covering the biological, photoelectric, and electrochemical fields, owing to the unique physicochemical ands tructural properties. As as ingle-elemental material, phosphorene has demonstrated its applicability for the preparation of efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction( HER), oxygen evolutionr eaction (OER), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and other electrocatalytic applications. In this Minireview,asummary of the very recent research progresses of phosphorene in electrocatalysis is offered, with as pecial focus on the effective synthetic strategies towards performance improvement. In the concluding section, challenges and perspectives are also discussed. Figure 5. ORR performance of M-TLBP and M-CB in 0.1 m KOH. RRDE voltammograms of (a) Ag-TLBP and Ag-CB, (b) Au-TLBP and Au-CB, and (c) Pt-TLBP and Pt-CBa tthe rotationr ate of 1600 rpm with the ring potential set at + 1.5 V( vs. RHE). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [77].

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Black Phosphorus, a Rising Star 2D Nanomaterial in the Post‐Graphene Era: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Photocatalysis Applications

Cited by 270 publications

References 238 publications

Optoelectronic and photonic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides

Optoelectronic and photonic devices based on transition metal dichalcogenides

2D Elemental Nanomaterials Beyond Graphene

Phosphorene‐Based Electrocatalysts

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